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Multidimensional Perspectives on Language Vitality and Linguistic Landscapes in Indonesia.

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Title: Multidimensional Perspectives on Language Vitality and Linguistic Landscapes in Indonesia.
Authors: YANNUAR, NURENZIA1 nurenzia.yannuar.fs@um.ac.id, FEBRIANTI, YUSNITA, NURHAYANI, IKA, NAZARUDIN, NAZARUDIN, BASTHOMI, YAZID1
Source: 3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies. Dec2025, Vol. 31 Issue 4, p420-448. 29p.
Subject Terms: *Multilingualism, Linguistic landscapes, Signage, Sociodemographic factors, Socioeconomic factors, Linguistic minorities, Indonesians
Geographic Terms: Indonesia, Malang (Indonesia)
Abstract: Indonesia is a multilingual country with over 700 local languages; however, 70 per cent of these languages are at risk of endangerment. The government regulation supports the use of Indonesian in public spaces, which contributes to the decline of local language vitality. By looking at the linguistic landscape of Malang and Kupang, this study aims to capture local language vitality in western and eastern Indonesia. The main data of the study includes 2510 photographs of public signs in both cities. Walk-in interviews with the passersby and focus group discussions with local communities were also conducted to investigate their perception of selected signs. Results of the study on language vitality show that despite the dominance of Indonesian and English, local languages still appear in public spaces. Local communities are familiar with multilingual signage and can interpret the different linguistic codes according to the spatial distribution and placement of the signs. However, it is also found that multilingual signs have multidimensional layers and can provide contextual insights into the country: Indonesian dominates public signage under the national language policy, while English is primarily employed for its economic and global appeal. Local languages--such as Javanese, Kupang Malay, and Uab Meto/Dawan--surface mainly in governmental, identity, and social-movement contexts, showing that language visibility is closely tied to sociopolitical and economic factors. This article has offered a new perspective on the connection between linguistic landscape studies, language vitality, and socio-economic realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of 3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies is the property of 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Multidimensional Perspectives on Language Vitality and Linguistic Landscapes in Indonesia.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22YANNUAR%2C+NURENZIA%22">YANNUAR, NURENZIA</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> nurenzia.yannuar.fs@um.ac.id</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22FEBRIANTI%2C+YUSNITA%22">FEBRIANTI, YUSNITA</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22NURHAYANI%2C+IKA%22">NURHAYANI, IKA</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22NAZARUDIN%2C+NAZARUDIN%22">NAZARUDIN, NAZARUDIN</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22BASTHOMI%2C+YAZID%22">BASTHOMI, YAZID</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%223L%3A+Southeast+Asian+Journal+of+English+Language+Studies%22">3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 31 Issue 4, p420-448. 29p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multilingualism%22">Multilingualism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linguistic+landscapes%22">Linguistic landscapes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signage%22">Signage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sociodemographic+factors%22">Sociodemographic factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomic+factors%22">Socioeconomic factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linguistic+minorities%22">Linguistic minorities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indonesians%22">Indonesians</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indonesia%22">Indonesia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Malang+%28Indonesia%29%22">Malang (Indonesia)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Indonesia is a multilingual country with over 700 local languages; however, 70 per cent of these languages are at risk of endangerment. The government regulation supports the use of Indonesian in public spaces, which contributes to the decline of local language vitality. By looking at the linguistic landscape of Malang and Kupang, this study aims to capture local language vitality in western and eastern Indonesia. The main data of the study includes 2510 photographs of public signs in both cities. Walk-in interviews with the passersby and focus group discussions with local communities were also conducted to investigate their perception of selected signs. Results of the study on language vitality show that despite the dominance of Indonesian and English, local languages still appear in public spaces. Local communities are familiar with multilingual signage and can interpret the different linguistic codes according to the spatial distribution and placement of the signs. However, it is also found that multilingual signs have multidimensional layers and can provide contextual insights into the country: Indonesian dominates public signage under the national language policy, while English is primarily employed for its economic and global appeal. Local languages--such as Javanese, Kupang Malay, and Uab Meto/Dawan--surface mainly in governmental, identity, and social-movement contexts, showing that language visibility is closely tied to sociopolitical and economic factors. This article has offered a new perspective on the connection between linguistic landscape studies, language vitality, and socio-economic realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of 3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies is the property of 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.17576/3L-2025-3104-27
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 29
        StartPage: 420
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Multilingualism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Linguistic landscapes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sociodemographic factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Socioeconomic factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Linguistic minorities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indonesians
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indonesia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Malang (Indonesia)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Multidimensional Perspectives on Language Vitality and Linguistic Landscapes in Indonesia.
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          Name:
            NameFull: YANNUAR, NURENZIA
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            NameFull: FEBRIANTI, YUSNITA
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 31
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              Value: 4
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            – TitleFull: 3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies
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