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A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Lexical Priming and Reaction Time in Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder.

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Title: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Lexical Priming and Reaction Time in Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder.
Authors: Gravelle, C. Donnan1,2 cgravelle@gradcenter.cuny.edu, Zapparrata, Nicolas3, Abdurokhmonova, Gavkhar4, Brooks, Patricia J.1,2,5
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. Feb2026, Vol. 69 Issue 2, p737-755. 19p.
Subject Terms: *Children with disabilities, *Phonological awareness, *Language disorders, *Memory, *ERIC (Information retrieval system), *Language acquisition, *Children, Statistical models, Meta-analysis, Systematic reviews, MEDLINE, Child development deviations, Reaction time, Online information services, Semantics
Abstract: Purpose: Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) exhibit linguistic difficulties that may stem from deficits in predictive processing. Several studies report impaired lexical priming in DLD groups compared to age-matched groups with typical language development (TLD). However, other studies report compensatory enhancement of lexical-semantic processing, leading to larger priming effects in DLD. Method: We used Bayesian meta-analysis to examine lexical priming and overall reaction time (RT) differences in age-matched groups of children with DLD and TLD (k = 19, m = 56, N = 360 DLD, N = 369 TLD; Mage [DLD] = 9.1 years). Moderators were priming type (semantic, form based) and response type (button press, verbal). Results are reported with outliers removed. Results: Both DLD and TLD groups exhibited lexical priming effects (faster RTs for primed targets; Hedges's g = 0.22 and 0.33, respectively), with similar between-study heterogeneity. There were trivial differences in the effects for semantic versus form-based (repetition/phonological) priming and for tasks requiring button press versus verbal responses. While group differences in priming effects were negligible (slightly larger priming effects in TLD groups, g = 0.11), group differences in overall RTs were of medium magnitude (shorter RTs in TLD groups, g = 0.56). Conclusions: Children with DLD exhibit slower processing than age-matched peers with TLD but do not show impaired lexical priming. Discrepancies with prior findings may result from small samples and longer RTs contributing to nonsignificant priming effects in DLD groups. By de-emphasizing significance testing, Bayesian meta-analysis offers a more robust framework than frequentist meta-analysis for clinical research with small samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Lexical Priming and Reaction Time in Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language+%26+Hearing+Research%22">Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 69 Issue 2, p737-755. 19p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children+with+disabilities%22">Children with disabilities</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonological+awareness%22">Phonological awareness</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+disorders%22">Language disorders</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Memory%22">Memory</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22ERIC+%28Information+retrieval+system%29%22">ERIC (Information retrieval system)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+acquisition%22">Language acquisition</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+models%22">Statistical models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Meta-analysis%22">Meta-analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Systematic+reviews%22">Systematic reviews</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MEDLINE%22">MEDLINE</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+development+deviations%22">Child development deviations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reaction+time%22">Reaction time</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Online+information+services%22">Online information services</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Semantics%22">Semantics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) exhibit linguistic difficulties that may stem from deficits in predictive processing. Several studies report impaired lexical priming in DLD groups compared to age-matched groups with typical language development (TLD). However, other studies report compensatory enhancement of lexical-semantic processing, leading to larger priming effects in DLD. Method: We used Bayesian meta-analysis to examine lexical priming and overall reaction time (RT) differences in age-matched groups of children with DLD and TLD (k = 19, m = 56, N = 360 DLD, N = 369 TLD; Mage [DLD] = 9.1 years). Moderators were priming type (semantic, form based) and response type (button press, verbal). Results are reported with outliers removed. Results: Both DLD and TLD groups exhibited lexical priming effects (faster RTs for primed targets; Hedges's g = 0.22 and 0.33, respectively), with similar between-study heterogeneity. There were trivial differences in the effects for semantic versus form-based (repetition/phonological) priming and for tasks requiring button press versus verbal responses. While group differences in priming effects were negligible (slightly larger priming effects in TLD groups, g = 0.11), group differences in overall RTs were of medium magnitude (shorter RTs in TLD groups, g = 0.56). Conclusions: Children with DLD exhibit slower processing than age-matched peers with TLD but do not show impaired lexical priming. Discrepancies with prior findings may result from small samples and longer RTs contributing to nonsignificant priming effects in DLD groups. By de-emphasizing significance testing, Bayesian meta-analysis offers a more robust framework than frequentist meta-analysis for clinical research with small samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=191547612
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        Value: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00227
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Children with disabilities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phonological awareness
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      – SubjectFull: Language disorders
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      – SubjectFull: Online information services
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      – SubjectFull: Semantics
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      – TitleFull: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Lexical Priming and Reaction Time in Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder.
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              Text: Feb2026
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