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The Role of Auditory Deprivation in Verbal and Nonverbal Working Memory: Insights From School-Age Children With Cochlear Implants.

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Title: The Role of Auditory Deprivation in Verbal and Nonverbal Working Memory: Insights From School-Age Children With Cochlear Implants.
Authors: Šimić, Ivana1, Tomazin, Marina Olujić1 marina.olujic@erf.unizg.hr, Bonetti, Luka1
Source: Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools. Apr2026, Vol. 57 Issue 2, p451-461. 11p.
Subject Terms: *Cognitive testing, *Data analysis, *Child development, *Auditory perception, *Short-term memory, *Comparative studies, *Verbal behavior, *Children, Cochlear implants, Early medical intervention, Sensorineural hearing loss, Fisher exact test, Mann Whitney U Test, Statistics, Data analysis software, Sensory deprivation, Nonparametric statistics
Geographic Terms: Croatia
Abstract: Purpose: This study investigated the verbal (VWM) and nonverbal working memory (NWM) of school-aged children with cochlear implants compared to their typically hearing peers, in order to determine how early auditory deprivation and the reduced auditory input characteristic of cochlear implants are related to storage and processing functions of working memory. Method: A total of 58 children took part: 35 with cochlear implants and 23 with typical hearing, matched by age and gender. VWM was measured using the digit span task, while NWM was measured using the Corsi Block Tapping task. Results: The results showed that children with cochlear implants had a significantly lower storage and processing capacity of working memory for verbal information compared to their typically hearing peers. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups in NWM. Within-group analyses showed that both children with cochlear implants and children with typical hearing processed less information than they could store and that they processed nonverbal information better than verbal information. Correlation analyses showed that the relationships between verbal storage and other components of working memory were significantly weaker in children with cochlear implants, suggesting that they may rely on alternative nonverbal strategies. Conclusions: The results support the sensory theory that attributes the VWM deficit in children with cochlear implants to a spectrally reduced auditory input and not to a general cognitive deficit as proposed by the cognitive theory. These findings emphasize the need for early implantation and interventions that focus on the development of VWM strategies while considering the preserved potential for nonverbal cognitive processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: The Role of Auditory Deprivation in Verbal and Nonverbal Working Memory: Insights From School-Age Children With Cochlear Implants.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Šimić%2C+Ivana%22">Šimić, Ivana</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tomazin%2C+Marina+Olujić%22">Tomazin, Marina Olujić</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> marina.olujic@erf.unizg.hr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bonetti%2C+Luka%22">Bonetti, Luka</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Language%2C+Speech+%26+Hearing+Services+in+Schools%22">Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 57 Issue 2, p451-461. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Croatia%22">Croatia</searchLink>
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  Data: Purpose: This study investigated the verbal (VWM) and nonverbal working memory (NWM) of school-aged children with cochlear implants compared to their typically hearing peers, in order to determine how early auditory deprivation and the reduced auditory input characteristic of cochlear implants are related to storage and processing functions of working memory. Method: A total of 58 children took part: 35 with cochlear implants and 23 with typical hearing, matched by age and gender. VWM was measured using the digit span task, while NWM was measured using the Corsi Block Tapping task. Results: The results showed that children with cochlear implants had a significantly lower storage and processing capacity of working memory for verbal information compared to their typically hearing peers. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups in NWM. Within-group analyses showed that both children with cochlear implants and children with typical hearing processed less information than they could store and that they processed nonverbal information better than verbal information. Correlation analyses showed that the relationships between verbal storage and other components of working memory were significantly weaker in children with cochlear implants, suggesting that they may rely on alternative nonverbal strategies. Conclusions: The results support the sensory theory that attributes the VWM deficit in children with cochlear implants to a spectrally reduced auditory input and not to a general cognitive deficit as proposed by the cognitive theory. These findings emphasize the need for early implantation and interventions that focus on the development of VWM strategies while considering the preserved potential for nonverbal cognitive processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=192859137
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2025_LSHSS-25-00050
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
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        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 451
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Cognitive testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Auditory perception
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Short-term memory
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative studies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Verbal behavior
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cochlear implants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Early medical intervention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sensorineural hearing loss
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fisher exact test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mann Whitney U Test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sensory deprivation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nonparametric statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Croatia
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Role of Auditory Deprivation in Verbal and Nonverbal Working Memory: Insights From School-Age Children With Cochlear Implants.
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            NameFull: Šimić, Ivana
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            NameFull: Tomazin, Marina Olujić
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            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools
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