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Statistical Analysis of Maternal Health Disparities Among Working Women and Housewives: A Cross-Sectional Study on Pregnancy-Related Issues, Safe Childbirth, and Maternal Mortality.

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Title: Statistical Analysis of Maternal Health Disparities Among Working Women and Housewives: A Cross-Sectional Study on Pregnancy-Related Issues, Safe Childbirth, and Maternal Mortality.
Authors: Atif, Muhammad1 (AUTHOR), Ayub, Gohar2 (AUTHOR), Afridi, Irum1 (AUTHOR), Farooq, Muhammad1 (AUTHOR), Shafiq, Muhammad3,4 (AUTHOR), Ilyas, Muhammad5 (AUTHOR), Rasikh, Zia Ur Rahman6 (AUTHOR) ziarasikh2014@lu.edu.af
Source: Inquiry (00469580). 4/9/2026, Vol. 63, p1-10. 10p.
Subject Terms: *Health services accessibility, *Research methodology, Cross-sectional method, Risk assessment, Health literacy, Maternal health services, Patient safety, Social determinants of health, Reproductive health, Autopsy, Spouses, Logistic regression analysis, Interviewing, Maternal mortality, Chi-squared test, Pregnancy outcomes, Surveys, Odds ratio, Women employees, Housekeeping, Rural population, Psychological stress, Health equity, Pregnancy complications, Confidence intervals, Childbirth
Geographic Terms: Pakistan
Abstract: Maternal health remains a critical public health concern, particularly in developing countries where disparities persist across different socioeconomic and occupational groups. Working women and housewives often face different levels of access to healthcare, stress, and awareness, all of which can influence pregnancy outcomes. Understanding these factors is essential for developing targeted interventions and policies that improve maternal health outcomes for all women. This study analyzes data from Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey 2019, which employed a multistage, multiphase cluster sampling to ensure nationally representative estimates of maternal health indicators. In this study, chi-square test, multinomial regression, and clustering techniques were utilized to identify the leading causes of maternal mortality. The results of this study reveal significant differences in maternal health outcomes between working women and housewives in Pakistan. Among the 1177 maternal deaths, 532 (45.20%) were working women, while 645 (54.80%) were housewives. Working women experienced higher rates of seizures (47.62%), chest pain (46.81%), and stress-related conditions, while housewives frequently reported weight loss (52.38%), general abdominal pain, and health issues associated with household environments, such as exposure to polluted water. The principal determinants of maternal death among working women included unhealthy lifestyles, job-related anxiety, and frequent travel. In contrast, maternal health complications among housewives were largely attributed to asthma, carelessness during domestic chores, and lack of exercise. The study highlights the importance of targeted interventions, including better workplace policies for working women and awareness programs for housewives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Inquiry (00469580) is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Statistical Analysis of Maternal Health Disparities Among Working Women and Housewives: A Cross-Sectional Study on Pregnancy-Related Issues, Safe Childbirth, and Maternal Mortality.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Inquiry+%2800469580%29%22">Inquiry (00469580)</searchLink>. 4/9/2026, Vol. 63, p1-10. 10p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pakistan%22">Pakistan</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Maternal health remains a critical public health concern, particularly in developing countries where disparities persist across different socioeconomic and occupational groups. Working women and housewives often face different levels of access to healthcare, stress, and awareness, all of which can influence pregnancy outcomes. Understanding these factors is essential for developing targeted interventions and policies that improve maternal health outcomes for all women. This study analyzes data from Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey 2019, which employed a multistage, multiphase cluster sampling to ensure nationally representative estimates of maternal health indicators. In this study, chi-square test, multinomial regression, and clustering techniques were utilized to identify the leading causes of maternal mortality. The results of this study reveal significant differences in maternal health outcomes between working women and housewives in Pakistan. Among the 1177 maternal deaths, 532 (45.20%) were working women, while 645 (54.80%) were housewives. Working women experienced higher rates of seizures (47.62%), chest pain (46.81%), and stress-related conditions, while housewives frequently reported weight loss (52.38%), general abdominal pain, and health issues associated with household environments, such as exposure to polluted water. The principal determinants of maternal death among working women included unhealthy lifestyles, job-related anxiety, and frequent travel. In contrast, maternal health complications among housewives were largely attributed to asthma, carelessness during domestic chores, and lack of exercise. The study highlights the importance of targeted interventions, including better workplace policies for working women and awareness programs for housewives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Inquiry (00469580) is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=192937292
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1177/00469580261436635
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Health services accessibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Health literacy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Maternal health services
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Patient safety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Social determinants of health
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reproductive health
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Autopsy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spouses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Logistic regression analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interviewing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Maternal mortality
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chi-squared test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pregnancy outcomes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surveys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Odds ratio
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Women employees
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Housekeeping
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rural population
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychological stress
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Health equity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pregnancy complications
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Childbirth
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pakistan
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Statistical Analysis of Maternal Health Disparities Among Working Women and Housewives: A Cross-Sectional Study on Pregnancy-Related Issues, Safe Childbirth, and Maternal Mortality.
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              M: 04
              Text: 4/9/2026
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              Y: 2026
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