Students' sociodemographic characteristics and writing performance: a systematic literature review.

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Title: Students' sociodemographic characteristics and writing performance: a systematic literature review.
Authors: Castillo, Carolina1 (AUTHOR) carolina.castillo@uc.cl, Ávila Reyes, Natalia1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Reading & Writing. Apr2026, Vol. 39 Issue 4, p1085-1121. 37p.
Subject Terms: *Achievement gap, *Disabilities, *Second language acquisition, *Written communication, Sociodemographic factors, Ethnicity, Gender differences (Psychology)
Abstract: Standardized writing measurements worldwide have consistently shown achievement gaps in writing proficiency among the examined population groups based explicitly on sociodemographic characteristics. One of the most crucial criteria for quality assessment is fairness, which means that a test should neither favor nor disadvantage students based on their characteristics. This study reviewed relevant academic literature to systematize the sociodemographic characteristics of students across different educational levels related to their performance in writing assessments. We identified 1495 articles using keywords in Web of Science, PsycINFO, Proquest and SCOPUS of which 172 were assessed for eligibility. Additionally, we conducted an abstract screening using inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by a full-text review, identifying 97 articles of interest. Five characteristics were identified as associated with writing performance: race or ethnicity, sex, disability status, being a learner of a dominant second language, and socioeconomic status. This study discusses the implications of the persistence of these gaps in shaping future writing assessments by using proactive measures aimed at achieving fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Reading & Writing is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Students' sociodemographic characteristics and writing performance: a systematic literature review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Castillo%2C+Carolina%22">Castillo, Carolina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> carolina.castillo@uc.cl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ávila+Reyes%2C+Natalia%22">Ávila Reyes, Natalia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Reading+%26+Writing%22">Reading & Writing</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 39 Issue 4, p1085-1121. 37p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Achievement+gap%22">Achievement gap</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disabilities%22">Disabilities</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Second+language+acquisition%22">Second language acquisition</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Written+communication%22">Written communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sociodemographic+factors%22">Sociodemographic factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethnicity%22">Ethnicity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+differences+%28Psychology%29%22">Gender differences (Psychology)</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Standardized writing measurements worldwide have consistently shown achievement gaps in writing proficiency among the examined population groups based explicitly on sociodemographic characteristics. One of the most crucial criteria for quality assessment is fairness, which means that a test should neither favor nor disadvantage students based on their characteristics. This study reviewed relevant academic literature to systematize the sociodemographic characteristics of students across different educational levels related to their performance in writing assessments. We identified 1495 articles using keywords in Web of Science, PsycINFO, Proquest and SCOPUS of which 172 were assessed for eligibility. Additionally, we conducted an abstract screening using inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by a full-text review, identifying 97 articles of interest. Five characteristics were identified as associated with writing performance: race or ethnicity, sex, disability status, being a learner of a dominant second language, and socioeconomic status. This study discusses the implications of the persistence of these gaps in shaping future writing assessments by using proactive measures aimed at achieving fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Reading & Writing is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11145-025-10658-4
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Disabilities
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      – SubjectFull: Second language acquisition
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              Text: Apr2026
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              Y: 2026
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