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The Contribution of Parent Lexical Diversity and Grammatical Complexity to Later Language Outcomes in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants.

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Title: The Contribution of Parent Lexical Diversity and Grammatical Complexity to Later Language Outcomes in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants.
Authors: Luo, Jianfen1,2, Xu, Lei1,2, Wang, Min1,2, Li, Jinming1,2, Spencer, Linda3, Liu, Huei-Mei4,5, Guo, Ling-Yu6,7 lingyugu@buffalo.edu
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. May2026, Vol. 69 Issue 5, p2365-2378. 14p.
Subject Terms: *Parents, *Children with disabilities, *Phonological awareness, *Longitudinal method, *Language acquisition, *Cultural pluralism, *Children, Cochlear implants, Repeated measures design, Pearson correlation (Statistics), Statistical power analysis, Grammar, Research funding, Descriptive statistics, Linguistics, One-way analysis of variance, Time, Hard of hearing people
Geographic Terms: China
Abstract: Purpose: The study examined the relative contribution of parent lexical diversity and grammatical complexity at different time points to subsequent language outcomes in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs). Method: Participants were 25 Mandarin-speaking children who received cochlear implantation before 30 months of age. At 1 and 2 years after CI activation, we collected language samples that involved the child playing with the parent for 30 min. The parent's number of different words (NDW) and mean length of utterance (MLU) were computed from the free play for each time point. At 3 years after CI activation, we evaluated children's receptive and expressive language outcomes using a standardized language test. Results: Parent NDW and MLU at 1 and 2 years post-CI activation were significantly correlated with children's language scores at 3 years post-CI activation, except that parent MLU at 1 year was not significantly correlated with children's expressive language scores. Regression analyses further revealed that, at 1 year post-CI activation, parent NDW was stronger than parent MLU in accounting for both children's receptive and expressive language scores at 3 years post-CI activation. At 2 years post-CI activation, parent NDW was relatively more important for children's subsequent receptive language scores, whereas parent MLU at 2 years post-CI activation was relatively more important for children's subsequent expressive language s cores. Conclusions: The relative contributions of parent lexical diversity (NDW) and grammatical complexity (MLU) to later language outcomes in Mandarin-speaking children with CIs evolved over time, particularly for expressive language. The emphasis on lexical diversity and grammatical complexity in parental input should change with the child's developmental level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: The Contribution of Parent Lexical Diversity and Grammatical Complexity to Later Language Outcomes in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luo%2C+Jianfen%22">Luo, Jianfen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Lei%22">Xu, Lei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Min%22">Wang, Min</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Jinming%22">Li, Jinming</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Spencer%2C+Linda%22">Spencer, Linda</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Huei-Mei%22">Liu, Huei-Mei</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guo%2C+Ling-Yu%22">Guo, Ling-Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>6,7</relatesTo><i> lingyugu@buffalo.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language+%26+Hearing+Research%22">Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 69 Issue 5, p2365-2378. 14p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parents%22">Parents</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children+with+disabilities%22">Children with disabilities</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonological+awareness%22">Phonological awareness</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Longitudinal+method%22">Longitudinal method</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+acquisition%22">Language acquisition</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cultural+pluralism%22">Cultural pluralism</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cochlear+implants%22">Cochlear implants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Repeated+measures+design%22">Repeated measures design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pearson+correlation+%28Statistics%29%22">Pearson correlation (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+power+analysis%22">Statistical power analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grammar%22">Grammar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linguistics%22">Linguistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22One-way+analysis+of+variance%22">One-way analysis of variance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time%22">Time</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hard+of+hearing+people%22">Hard of hearing people</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: The study examined the relative contribution of parent lexical diversity and grammatical complexity at different time points to subsequent language outcomes in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs). Method: Participants were 25 Mandarin-speaking children who received cochlear implantation before 30 months of age. At 1 and 2 years after CI activation, we collected language samples that involved the child playing with the parent for 30 min. The parent's number of different words (NDW) and mean length of utterance (MLU) were computed from the free play for each time point. At 3 years after CI activation, we evaluated children's receptive and expressive language outcomes using a standardized language test. Results: Parent NDW and MLU at 1 and 2 years post-CI activation were significantly correlated with children's language scores at 3 years post-CI activation, except that parent MLU at 1 year was not significantly correlated with children's expressive language scores. Regression analyses further revealed that, at 1 year post-CI activation, parent NDW was stronger than parent MLU in accounting for both children's receptive and expressive language scores at 3 years post-CI activation. At 2 years post-CI activation, parent NDW was relatively more important for children's subsequent receptive language scores, whereas parent MLU at 2 years post-CI activation was relatively more important for children's subsequent expressive language s cores. Conclusions: The relative contributions of parent lexical diversity (NDW) and grammatical complexity (MLU) to later language outcomes in Mandarin-speaking children with CIs evolved over time, particularly for expressive language. The emphasis on lexical diversity and grammatical complexity in parental input should change with the child's developmental level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=193696222
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2026_JSLHR-25-00709
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 2365
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Parents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children with disabilities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phonological awareness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Longitudinal method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Language acquisition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cultural pluralism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cochlear implants
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      – SubjectFull: Repeated measures design
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      – SubjectFull: Pearson correlation (Statistics)
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      – SubjectFull: Statistical power analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Grammar
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      – SubjectFull: Research funding
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Linguistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: One-way analysis of variance
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      – SubjectFull: Time
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hard of hearing people
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      – SubjectFull: China
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      – TitleFull: The Contribution of Parent Lexical Diversity and Grammatical Complexity to Later Language Outcomes in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants.
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              Text: May2026
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              Y: 2026
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