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Normative Ranges for Wideband Middle Ear Muscle Reflex Magnitude: Limited Potential for Diagnosing Cochlear Deafferentation.

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Title: Normative Ranges for Wideband Middle Ear Muscle Reflex Magnitude: Limited Potential for Diagnosing Cochlear Deafferentation.
Authors: Bramhall, Naomi F.1,2 naomi.bramhall@va.gov, McMillan, Garnett P.1, Kampel, Sean D.1, Heassler, Anne E.1, Whittle, Nicole K.1, Szabo, Haley A.1
Source: American Journal of Audiology. Jun2026, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p457-471. 15p.
Subject Terms: *Auditory perception testing, *Audiometry, *Comparative studies, *Speech perception, Reference values, Stapedius muscle, Acoustic reflex, Noise, Noise-induced deafness, Research funding, Scientific observation, Questionnaires, Otoacoustic emissions, Tinnitus, Veterans, Occupational exposure, Hearing levels, Cochlea, Hidden hearing loss
Abstract: Purpose: Cochlear synaptopathy, the loss of the synapses between the inner hair cells and their auditory nerve fiber targets, is expected to be a common type of auditory deficit resulting from noise exposure or aging. Unfortunately, there is currently no means for diagnosing cochlear synaptopathy or other forms of cochlear deafferentation. Wideband middle ear muscle reflexes (MEMRs) have been proposed as a potential diagnostic indicator of cochlear deafferentation, but we lack normative ranges for MEMR magnitude. The objective of this study was to develop normative ranges for wideband MEMR magnitude that can be used to identify patients with abnormally weak MEMRs. Method: Normative ranges were generated for ipsilateral and contralateral wideband MEMR magnitude in a population at low risk for cochlear synaptopathy due to young age, normal hearing thresholds, and minimal noise exposure history. The normative ranges were statistically adjusted for average distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) levels to account for possible impacts of outer hair cell dysfunction. To evaluate the ability of the normative ranges to differentiate between populations at low versus high risk of synaptopathy, measurements were also collected from military Veterans with normal hearing thresholds who reported at least one of the auditory complaints predicted to result from synaptopathy--tinnitus, speech perception in noise difficulty, or decreased sound tolerance. Results: For individuals with poorer DPOAEs, it is not possible to fall below the lower bounds of the wideband MEMR normative ranges. For individuals with more robust DPOAEs, the lower bounds are very close to an MEMR magnitude indicating an absent reflex. Few individuals from the high-risk sample fell below the normative ranges, suggesting that these normative ranges do not identify significant cochlear deafferentation as expected. Conclusion: Wideband MEMR magnitude normative ranges will not be effective as a stand-alone indicator of cochlear deafferentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of American Journal of Audiology is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Normative Ranges for Wideband Middle Ear Muscle Reflex Magnitude: Limited Potential for Diagnosing Cochlear Deafferentation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bramhall%2C+Naomi+F%2E%22">Bramhall, Naomi F.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> naomi.bramhall@va.gov</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McMillan%2C+Garnett+P%2E%22">McMillan, Garnett P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kampel%2C+Sean+D%2E%22">Kampel, Sean D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Heassler%2C+Anne+E%2E%22">Heassler, Anne E.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Whittle%2C+Nicole+K%2E%22">Whittle, Nicole K.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Szabo%2C+Haley+A%2E%22">Szabo, Haley A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22American+Journal+of+Audiology%22">American Journal of Audiology</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p457-471. 15p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: Cochlear synaptopathy, the loss of the synapses between the inner hair cells and their auditory nerve fiber targets, is expected to be a common type of auditory deficit resulting from noise exposure or aging. Unfortunately, there is currently no means for diagnosing cochlear synaptopathy or other forms of cochlear deafferentation. Wideband middle ear muscle reflexes (MEMRs) have been proposed as a potential diagnostic indicator of cochlear deafferentation, but we lack normative ranges for MEMR magnitude. The objective of this study was to develop normative ranges for wideband MEMR magnitude that can be used to identify patients with abnormally weak MEMRs. Method: Normative ranges were generated for ipsilateral and contralateral wideband MEMR magnitude in a population at low risk for cochlear synaptopathy due to young age, normal hearing thresholds, and minimal noise exposure history. The normative ranges were statistically adjusted for average distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) levels to account for possible impacts of outer hair cell dysfunction. To evaluate the ability of the normative ranges to differentiate between populations at low versus high risk of synaptopathy, measurements were also collected from military Veterans with normal hearing thresholds who reported at least one of the auditory complaints predicted to result from synaptopathy--tinnitus, speech perception in noise difficulty, or decreased sound tolerance. Results: For individuals with poorer DPOAEs, it is not possible to fall below the lower bounds of the wideband MEMR normative ranges. For individuals with more robust DPOAEs, the lower bounds are very close to an MEMR magnitude indicating an absent reflex. Few individuals from the high-risk sample fell below the normative ranges, suggesting that these normative ranges do not identify significant cochlear deafferentation as expected. Conclusion: Wideband MEMR magnitude normative ranges will not be effective as a stand-alone indicator of cochlear deafferentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of American Journal of Audiology is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2025_AJA-25-00241
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Auditory perception testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Audiometry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative studies
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      – SubjectFull: Speech perception
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      – SubjectFull: Reference values
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      – SubjectFull: Stapedius muscle
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      – SubjectFull: Acoustic reflex
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      – SubjectFull: Noise-induced deafness
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      – SubjectFull: Otoacoustic emissions
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      – SubjectFull: Tinnitus
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      – SubjectFull: Cochlea
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      – SubjectFull: Hidden hearing loss
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      – TitleFull: Normative Ranges for Wideband Middle Ear Muscle Reflex Magnitude: Limited Potential for Diagnosing Cochlear Deafferentation.
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              Text: Jun2026
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              Y: 2026
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