The lasting impact of youth bullying exposure on adult labor market outcomes: An inter-disciplinary review of the literature.
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| Title: | The lasting impact of youth bullying exposure on adult labor market outcomes: An inter-disciplinary review of the literature. |
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| Authors: | Martinez, Matias1 (AUTHOR) matias.martinez.von.der.fecht@vanderbilt.edu, Hu, Qinyou2 (AUTHOR), Schaefer, Jonathan D.1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Developmental Review. Jun2026, Vol. 80, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p. |
| Subject Terms: | *Group identity, *Attitude (Psychology), *Bullying, *Interpersonal relations, *Employment, *Labor supply, *Adolescence, Victim psychology, Mental health, Socioeconomic factors, Labor market, Medical care costs |
| Abstract: | • Bullying victimization during childhood and adolescence has been linked to lower employability and wages during adulthood. • Wage penalties range between 1% to 25, and employment gaps reach 3–7% in midlife. • Our framework identifies four mechanisms: skills, social capital, identity formation, and biological embedding of stress. • Discrimination, stereotypes, diatheses, and individual susceptibility may confound the causal link. • Multi-level interventions and policy can mitigate negative effects. Higher direct and indirect exposure to bullying has been linked to long-term increases in healthcare costs, worse mental health, and poorer social relationships, as well as a reduction in human capital accumulation and economic productivity. Consequently, preventing and mitigating the long-lasting negative effects of bullying victimization has become a worldwide challenge for school and health policies. This paper reviews the evidence linking early-life bullying victimization to adult socioeconomic outcomes and develops an integrative framework to explain (1) how bullying processes emerge and are sustained during childhood and adolescence; (2) how they affect labor opportunities in adulthood; (3) the mediating roles of skill, social capital, identity, and mental health; and (4) how social structures as well as individual characteristics determined early in life (e.g., innate capacities, vulnerability and susceptibility) may operate as moderators or potential confounders. Our framework draws from theoretical and empirical work in education and labor economics as well as in clinical and developmental psychology. Our integration and synthesis of how the processes relate over time provide researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with concrete directions for future research and support evidence-based arguments for the continued development and improvement of anti-bullying programs by both schools and governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Developmental Review is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Education Research Complete |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: ehh DbLabel: Education Research Complete An: 194396735 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: The lasting impact of youth bullying exposure on adult labor market outcomes: An inter-disciplinary review of the literature. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Martinez%2C+Matias%22">Martinez, Matias</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> matias.martinez.von.der.fecht@vanderbilt.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hu%2C+Qinyou%22">Hu, Qinyou</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schaefer%2C+Jonathan+D%2E%22">Schaefer, Jonathan D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Developmental+Review%22">Developmental Review</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 80, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p. – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Group+identity%22">Group identity</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attitude+%28Psychology%29%22">Attitude (Psychology)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bullying%22">Bullying</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+relations%22">Interpersonal relations</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Employment%22">Employment</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Labor+supply%22">Labor supply</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adolescence%22">Adolescence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Victim+psychology%22">Victim psychology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+health%22">Mental health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomic+factors%22">Socioeconomic factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Labor+market%22">Labor market</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+care+costs%22">Medical care costs</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: • Bullying victimization during childhood and adolescence has been linked to lower employability and wages during adulthood. • Wage penalties range between 1% to 25, and employment gaps reach 3–7% in midlife. • Our framework identifies four mechanisms: skills, social capital, identity formation, and biological embedding of stress. • Discrimination, stereotypes, diatheses, and individual susceptibility may confound the causal link. • Multi-level interventions and policy can mitigate negative effects. Higher direct and indirect exposure to bullying has been linked to long-term increases in healthcare costs, worse mental health, and poorer social relationships, as well as a reduction in human capital accumulation and economic productivity. Consequently, preventing and mitigating the long-lasting negative effects of bullying victimization has become a worldwide challenge for school and health policies. This paper reviews the evidence linking early-life bullying victimization to adult socioeconomic outcomes and develops an integrative framework to explain (1) how bullying processes emerge and are sustained during childhood and adolescence; (2) how they affect labor opportunities in adulthood; (3) the mediating roles of skill, social capital, identity, and mental health; and (4) how social structures as well as individual characteristics determined early in life (e.g., innate capacities, vulnerability and susceptibility) may operate as moderators or potential confounders. Our framework draws from theoretical and empirical work in education and labor economics as well as in clinical and developmental psychology. Our integration and synthesis of how the processes relate over time provide researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with concrete directions for future research and support evidence-based arguments for the continued development and improvement of anti-bullying programs by both schools and governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Developmental Review is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1016/j.dr.2026.101269 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 1 StartPage: N.PAG Subjects: – SubjectFull: Group identity Type: general – SubjectFull: Attitude (Psychology) Type: general – SubjectFull: Bullying Type: general – SubjectFull: Interpersonal relations Type: general – SubjectFull: Employment Type: general – SubjectFull: Labor supply Type: general – SubjectFull: Adolescence Type: general – SubjectFull: Victim psychology Type: general – SubjectFull: Mental health Type: general – SubjectFull: Socioeconomic factors Type: general – SubjectFull: Labor market Type: general – SubjectFull: Medical care costs Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: The lasting impact of youth bullying exposure on adult labor market outcomes: An inter-disciplinary review of the literature. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Martinez, Matias – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Hu, Qinyou – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Schaefer, Jonathan D. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 06 Text: Jun2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 02732297 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 80 Titles: – TitleFull: Developmental Review Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
