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Can a Low-Budget Questionnaire Support Improved Health Service Accessibility and Sustainability: Results from an Exploratory Study.

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Title: Can a Low-Budget Questionnaire Support Improved Health Service Accessibility and Sustainability: Results from an Exploratory Study.
Authors: Hellstrand, Stefan1 (AUTHOR), Sundberg, Leif2 (AUTHOR), Karlsson, Jon3 (AUTHOR), Tranberg, Roy3 (AUTHOR), Hellstrand Tang, Ulla3,4 (AUTHOR) ulla.tang@vgregion.se
Source: Inquiry (00469580). 7/14/2026, Vol. 63, p1-13. 13p.
Subject Terms: *Health services accessibility, *Research, *Inter-observer reliability, Time -- Economic aspects, Treatment of diabetes, Treatment of diabetic foot, Medical quality control, Research funding, Questionnaires, Descriptive statistics, Non-communicable diseases, Medical appointments, Diabetic foot, Content mining, Quality assurance, Confidence intervals, Medical care costs
Abstract: Introduction: In sustainable development, time is a physically limited resource affecting economic and social sustainability. In healthcare systems, the time of healthcare staff is linked to economic constraints, while the time patients spend travelling and receiving treatment affects social sustainability, including access to healthcare services. Reducing time costs in healthcare may contribute to several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within Agenda 2030. This exploratory study aimed to: (i) probe whether a low-budget questionnaire combined with standardised data processing could estimate time costs for patients, their employers, and healthcare personnel associated with a healthcare visit; (ii) generate initial estimates of sustainability impacts of time costs, in physical and monetary terms. Methods: The study explored whether this low-budget approach could generate results of sufficient quality to inform choices aimed at improving healthcare accessibility. Patients with diabetes attending a healthcare facility for therapeutic footwear completed a questionnaire regarding time spent travelling and treatment. Healthcare staff time was recorded. Results were analysed and presented in physical and monetary terms. Results: The questionnaire generated information that was processed into estimates of parameters of strategic importance for choices supporting sustainability and access in healthcare systems in urban and rural areas. For the 101 patients included, the total time used was 360.6 hours, of which 23% represented employers' time, 49% patients' private time, and 28% healthcare staff time. The total estimated monetary value of time consumed was SEK 142,911 (USD 13,466), with 33% related to employers' time, 13% to patients' time, and 54% to healthcare staff time. The estimated mean cost per visit ranged from SEK 1,233 (USD 116.2) to SEK 1,944 (USD 183.2). Conclusions: The low-cost questionnaire and data-processing approach appears promising for estimating time costs for patients, employers, and healthcare staff, thereby supporting decisions aimed at improving healthcare accessibility and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Inquiry (00469580) is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Can a Low-Budget Questionnaire Support Improved Health Service Accessibility and Sustainability: Results from an Exploratory Study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hellstrand%2C+Stefan%22">Hellstrand, Stefan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sundberg%2C+Leif%22">Sundberg, Leif</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Karlsson%2C+Jon%22">Karlsson, Jon</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tranberg%2C+Roy%22">Tranberg, Roy</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hellstrand+Tang%2C+Ulla%22">Hellstrand Tang, Ulla</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ulla.tang@vgregion.se</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Inquiry+%2800469580%29%22">Inquiry (00469580)</searchLink>. 7/14/2026, Vol. 63, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Health+services+accessibility%22">Health services accessibility</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research%22">Research</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inter-observer+reliability%22">Inter-observer reliability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time+--+Economic+aspects%22">Time -- Economic aspects</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Treatment+of+diabetes%22">Treatment of diabetes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Treatment+of+diabetic+foot%22">Treatment of diabetic foot</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+quality+control%22">Medical quality control</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Questionnaires%22">Questionnaires</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Non-communicable+diseases%22">Non-communicable diseases</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+appointments%22">Medical appointments</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diabetic+foot%22">Diabetic foot</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Content+mining%22">Content mining</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quality+assurance%22">Quality assurance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+care+costs%22">Medical care costs</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introduction: In sustainable development, time is a physically limited resource affecting economic and social sustainability. In healthcare systems, the time of healthcare staff is linked to economic constraints, while the time patients spend travelling and receiving treatment affects social sustainability, including access to healthcare services. Reducing time costs in healthcare may contribute to several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within Agenda 2030. This exploratory study aimed to: (i) probe whether a low-budget questionnaire combined with standardised data processing could estimate time costs for patients, their employers, and healthcare personnel associated with a healthcare visit; (ii) generate initial estimates of sustainability impacts of time costs, in physical and monetary terms. Methods: The study explored whether this low-budget approach could generate results of sufficient quality to inform choices aimed at improving healthcare accessibility. Patients with diabetes attending a healthcare facility for therapeutic footwear completed a questionnaire regarding time spent travelling and treatment. Healthcare staff time was recorded. Results were analysed and presented in physical and monetary terms. Results: The questionnaire generated information that was processed into estimates of parameters of strategic importance for choices supporting sustainability and access in healthcare systems in urban and rural areas. For the 101 patients included, the total time used was 360.6 hours, of which 23% represented employers' time, 49% patients' private time, and 28% healthcare staff time. The total estimated monetary value of time consumed was SEK 142,911 (USD 13,466), with 33% related to employers' time, 13% to patients' time, and 54% to healthcare staff time. The estimated mean cost per visit ranged from SEK 1,233 (USD 116.2) to SEK 1,944 (USD 183.2). Conclusions: The low-cost questionnaire and data-processing approach appears promising for estimating time costs for patients, employers, and healthcare staff, thereby supporting decisions aimed at improving healthcare accessibility and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Inquiry (00469580) is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1177/00469580261468784
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Health services accessibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inter-observer reliability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time -- Economic aspects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Treatment of diabetes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Treatment of diabetic foot
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      – SubjectFull: Medical quality control
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      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Questionnaires
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Non-communicable diseases
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical appointments
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      – SubjectFull: Diabetic foot
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      – SubjectFull: Content mining
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      – SubjectFull: Quality assurance
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      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical care costs
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Can a Low-Budget Questionnaire Support Improved Health Service Accessibility and Sustainability: Results from an Exploratory Study.
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              Text: 7/14/2026
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              Y: 2026
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