View in EDS PDF Full Text

Optimization and Device-Level Validation of the i-Phagia Surface Electromyography Submental Sensor Patch for Swallowing Monitoring: A Randomized Crossover Design Study.

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Optimization and Device-Level Validation of the i-Phagia Surface Electromyography Submental Sensor Patch for Swallowing Monitoring: A Randomized Crossover Design Study.
Authors: Malandraki, Georgia A.1,2,3 georgiam@illinois.edu, Peng, Ching-Hsuan1, Berry, Kevin1, Griffis, Macy1, Rusco, Arica1, Craig, Bruce A.4
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. Aug2026, Vol. 69 Issue 8, p3553-3567. 15p.
Subject Terms: Muscle physiology, Pearson correlation (Statistics), Research funding, Patient safety, Statistical sampling, Visual analog scale, Wearable technology, Randomized controlled trials, Descriptive statistics, Electromyography, Commercial product evaluation, Crossover trials, Deglutition, Confidence intervals, Data analysis software, Patient satisfaction, Sensitivity & specificity (Statistics)
Geographic Terms: Indiana
Abstract: Purpose: Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a promising biofeedback method for swallowing intervention. Current sensors are either costly rigid platforms or short-lived wearables. We developed a second-generation flexible wearable sEMG patch (i-Phagia) designed to record submental muscle activity. This study validated the signal quality and preclinical performance of i-Phagia against conventional sensors in two age groups. Method: A randomized crossover study involved 30 young (17 women, 13 men; aged 18-29 years) and 30 older healthy adults (17 women, 13 men; aged 50-82 years). Participants completed liquid and semisolid swallows under two conditions: with i-Phagia sensors and with conventional sensors, in a counterbalanced order. Comparisons focused on signal-based factors (signal-to-noise ratio [SNR], baseline amplitude, and normalized mean sEMG amplitude), as well as safety, satisfaction, and placement efficiency. SNR and baseline amplitude were examined with linear mixed models and equivalence tests; Pearson correlations were used to analyze normalized mean sEMG amplitude. Safety/adverse effects were assessed with descriptive statistics, while satisfaction and efficiency were analyzed with linear mixed models. Results: SNR values were equivalent between sensor types (effect size: -0.0178; confidence interval [CI] [-0.2226, 0.2004]); however, the i-Phagia patch showed significantly lower baseline amplitude than conventional sensors (effect size: 0.48; CI [0.3144, 0.6422]), indicating better signal quality. High correlations (r > .7) between normalized sEMG amplitudes across swallows suggest consistent muscle activity patterns across sensors. No pain was reported; skin redness was rare but twice as common after removing conventional sensors. Satisfaction was higher (p < .0001), and application was more efficient with i-Phagia (M = 1:28 v s. 2:19, p < .05). Conclusions: The optimized i-Phagia patch is safe, provides signal quality comparable to conventional sensors, and shows advantages in user satisfaction and placement efficiency. These findings support its feasibility for future clinical testing as a wearable sEMG option for swallowing rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
FullText Links:
  – Type: pdflink
Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: ehh
DbLabel: Education Research Complete
An: 196185568
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Optimization and Device-Level Validation of the i-Phagia Surface Electromyography Submental Sensor Patch for Swallowing Monitoring: A Randomized Crossover Design Study.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Malandraki%2C+Georgia+A%2E%22&quot;&gt;Malandraki, Georgia A.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2,3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; georgiam@illinois.edu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Peng%2C+Ching-Hsuan%22&quot;&gt;Peng, Ching-Hsuan&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Berry%2C+Kevin%22&quot;&gt;Berry, Kevin&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Griffis%2C+Macy%22&quot;&gt;Griffis, Macy&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Rusco%2C+Arica%22&quot;&gt;Rusco, Arica&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Craig%2C+Bruce+A%2E%22&quot;&gt;Craig, Bruce A.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;4&lt;/relatesTo&gt;
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language+%26+Hearing+Research%22&quot;&gt;Journal of Speech, Language &amp; Hearing Research&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Aug2026, Vol. 69 Issue 8, p3553-3567. 15p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Muscle+physiology%22&quot;&gt;Muscle physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Pearson+correlation+%28Statistics%29%22&quot;&gt;Pearson correlation (Statistics)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Research+funding%22&quot;&gt;Research funding&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Patient+safety%22&quot;&gt;Patient safety&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Statistical+sampling%22&quot;&gt;Statistical sampling&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Visual+analog+scale%22&quot;&gt;Visual analog scale&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Wearable+technology%22&quot;&gt;Wearable technology&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Randomized+controlled+trials%22&quot;&gt;Randomized controlled trials&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Descriptive+statistics%22&quot;&gt;Descriptive statistics&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Electromyography%22&quot;&gt;Electromyography&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Commercial+product+evaluation%22&quot;&gt;Commercial product evaluation&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Crossover+trials%22&quot;&gt;Crossover trials&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Deglutition%22&quot;&gt;Deglutition&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Confidence+intervals%22&quot;&gt;Confidence intervals&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Data+analysis+software%22&quot;&gt;Data analysis software&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Patient+satisfaction%22&quot;&gt;Patient satisfaction&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Sensitivity+%26+specificity+%28Statistics%29%22&quot;&gt;Sensitivity &amp; specificity (Statistics)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Indiana%22&quot;&gt;Indiana&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a promising biofeedback method for swallowing intervention. Current sensors are either costly rigid platforms or short-lived wearables. We developed a second-generation flexible wearable sEMG patch (i-Phagia) designed to record submental muscle activity. This study validated the signal quality and preclinical performance of i-Phagia against conventional sensors in two age groups. Method: A randomized crossover study involved 30 young (17 women, 13 men; aged 18-29 years) and 30 older healthy adults (17 women, 13 men; aged 50-82 years). Participants completed liquid and semisolid swallows under two conditions: with i-Phagia sensors and with conventional sensors, in a counterbalanced order. Comparisons focused on signal-based factors (signal-to-noise ratio [SNR], baseline amplitude, and normalized mean sEMG amplitude), as well as safety, satisfaction, and placement efficiency. SNR and baseline amplitude were examined with linear mixed models and equivalence tests; Pearson correlations were used to analyze normalized mean sEMG amplitude. Safety/adverse effects were assessed with descriptive statistics, while satisfaction and efficiency were analyzed with linear mixed models. Results: SNR values were equivalent between sensor types (effect size: -0.0178; confidence interval [CI] [-0.2226, 0.2004]); however, the i-Phagia patch showed significantly lower baseline amplitude than conventional sensors (effect size: 0.48; CI [0.3144, 0.6422]), indicating better signal quality. High correlations (r &gt; .7) between normalized sEMG amplitudes across swallows suggest consistent muscle activity patterns across sensors. No pain was reported; skin redness was rare but twice as common after removing conventional sensors. Satisfaction was higher (p &lt; .0001), and application was more efficient with i-Phagia (M = 1:28 v s. 2:19, p &lt; .05). Conclusions: The optimized i-Phagia patch is safe, provides signal quality comparable to conventional sensors, and shows advantages in user satisfaction and placement efficiency. These findings support its feasibility for future clinical testing as a wearable sEMG option for swallowing rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language &amp; Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=196185568
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2026_JSLHR-25-00757
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 3553
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Muscle physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pearson correlation (Statistics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Patient safety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Statistical sampling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Visual analog scale
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wearable technology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Randomized controlled trials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electromyography
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Commercial product evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crossover trials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deglutition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Patient satisfaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sensitivity & specificity (Statistics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indiana
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Optimization and Device-Level Validation of the i-Phagia Surface Electromyography Submental Sensor Patch for Swallowing Monitoring: A Randomized Crossover Design Study.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Malandraki, Georgia A.
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Peng, Ching-Hsuan
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Berry, Kevin
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Griffis, Macy
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Rusco, Arica
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Craig, Bruce A.
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 10924388
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 69
            – Type: issue
              Value: 8
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research
              Type: main
ResultId 1