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From cradle to grave: evaluating bread production and waste using multicriteria optimization and life cycle assessment.

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Title: From cradle to grave: evaluating bread production and waste using multicriteria optimization and life cycle assessment.
Authors: Aljaber, Shreefah1 (AUTHOR), Aleisa, Esra1 (AUTHOR) e.aleisa@ku.edu.kw, Allahverdi, Ali2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Material Cycles & Waste Management. Jul2025, Vol. 27 Issue 4, p2684-2698. 15p.
Subject Terms: *Multi-objective optimization, *Flatbreads, *Product life cycle assessment, *Animal waste, *Food waste, *Bread
Abstract: Bread is a fundamental staple in the diets of numerous nations. However, bread waste ranks among the most discarded food items globally, making a significant contribution to the ongoing challenge of global food waste. The impact of bread production and bread waste is assessed environmentally through multicriteria optimization, for carbon footprint, water footprint and cost. Two of the most consumed bread types, flat (pita) and yeast bread, are examined and are analyzed through life cycle assessment. The scope includes production stages and end of life alternatives including animal feed use, composting, incineration, and landfilling are examined. The results indicate that flat bread requires 674 m3 of water and produces around 721.86 kg CO2 eq. per ton, while yeast bread requires 1379.86 m3 of water and emits 930.68 kg CO2 eq. per ton. The wheat-milling process alone contributes to 75% of the carbon emissions. Animal feed from bread waste is most viable environmentally, saving 823.2 kg CO2 eq. for each type of bread waste valorized. Prioritizing water and carbon footprints suggest the use of bread waste as animal feed. Conversely, composting and incineration with energy recovery emerge as optimal solutions when a greater emphasis is placed on cost allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 186198946
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: From cradle to grave: evaluating bread production and waste using multicriteria optimization and life cycle assessment.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aljaber%2C+Shreefah%22">Aljaber, Shreefah</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aleisa%2C+Esra%22">Aleisa, Esra</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> e.aleisa@ku.edu.kw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Allahverdi%2C+Ali%22">Allahverdi, Ali</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Material+Cycles+%26+Waste+Management%22">Journal of Material Cycles & Waste Management</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 27 Issue 4, p2684-2698. 15p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multi-objective+optimization%22">Multi-objective optimization</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flatbreads%22">Flatbreads</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Product+life+cycle+assessment%22">Product life cycle assessment</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Animal+waste%22">Animal waste</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Food+waste%22">Food waste</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bread%22">Bread</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Bread is a fundamental staple in the diets of numerous nations. However, bread waste ranks among the most discarded food items globally, making a significant contribution to the ongoing challenge of global food waste. The impact of bread production and bread waste is assessed environmentally through multicriteria optimization, for carbon footprint, water footprint and cost. Two of the most consumed bread types, flat (pita) and yeast bread, are examined and are analyzed through life cycle assessment. The scope includes production stages and end of life alternatives including animal feed use, composting, incineration, and landfilling are examined. The results indicate that flat bread requires 674 m3 of water and produces around 721.86 kg CO2 eq. per ton, while yeast bread requires 1379.86 m3 of water and emits 930.68 kg CO2 eq. per ton. The wheat-milling process alone contributes to 75% of the carbon emissions. Animal feed from bread waste is most viable environmentally, saving 823.2 kg CO2 eq. for each type of bread waste valorized. Prioritizing water and carbon footprints suggest the use of bread waste as animal feed. Conversely, composting and incineration with energy recovery emerge as optimal solutions when a greater emphasis is placed on cost allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10163-025-02267-8
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 2684
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Multi-objective optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flatbreads
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Product life cycle assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animal waste
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Food waste
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bread
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: From cradle to grave: evaluating bread production and waste using multicriteria optimization and life cycle assessment.
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            NameFull: Aljaber, Shreefah
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            NameFull: Aleisa, Esra
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            NameFull: Allahverdi, Ali
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 27
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