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Formation of carbonatite-related giant rare earth element deposits by liquid immiscibility.

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Title: Formation of carbonatite-related giant rare earth element deposits by liquid immiscibility.
Authors: Shuo Xue1,2, Hongping He1,2 hehp@gig.ac.cn, Ming-Xing Ling3,4 mxling@ecut.edu.cn, Wanzhu Zhang3,4, Xing Ding1, Weidong Sun5,6
Source: Geological Society of America Bulletin. Jul2025, Vol. 137 Issue 7/8, p3233-3242. 10p.
Subject Terms: *Rare earth metals, *Immiscibility, *Trace elements, *Sulfate minerals, *Liquids
Abstract: The occurrence of sulfate and fluoride minerals in carbonatite-hosted rare earth element (REE) deposits suggests that sulfur and fluorine play important roles in REE mineralization. However, their influence on the partitioning behavior of REEs during the immiscibility process remains poorly understood. This study performed partitioning experiments to explore the impact of sulfur and fluorine on the liquid immiscibility between carbonatitic melt and alkaline silicate melt at 1000-1200 ℃ and 0.5-2.2 GPa. Surprisingly, the experimental results indicate that the addition of sulfur and fluorine does not significantly change the partition coefficients of trace elements between carbonatitic melt and silicate melt. The key factor determining REE partitioning is the structural difference between the two immiscible melts, which can be characterized by the non-bridging oxygen per tetrahedrally coordinated cation of the silicate melt (NBO/T). Partition coefficients tend to decrease as NBO/T increases. Importantly, REE, SO3, and F exhibit similar behaviors, making sulfate and fluoride minerals useful indicators for exploring carbonatite-hosted REE deposits. Additionally, we used rhyolite-MELTS software to simulate crystallization differentiation and liquid immiscibility in alkaline silicate melts. Modeling results show that the initial CO2 content of silicate melt determines the degree of crystallization at which liquid immiscibility occurs. Lower initial CO2 content enhances the enrichment of REEs in the immiscible carbonatitic melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 186855523
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Formation of carbonatite-related giant rare earth element deposits by liquid immiscibility.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shuo+Xue%22">Shuo Xue</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hongping+He%22">Hongping He</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> hehp@gig.ac.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ming-Xing+Ling%22">Ming-Xing Ling</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo><i> mxling@ecut.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wanzhu+Zhang%22">Wanzhu Zhang</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xing+Ding%22">Xing Ding</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Weidong+Sun%22">Weidong Sun</searchLink><relatesTo>5,6</relatesTo>
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  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin%22">Geological Society of America Bulletin</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 137 Issue 7/8, p3233-3242. 10p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rare+earth+metals%22">Rare earth metals</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Immiscibility%22">Immiscibility</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Trace+elements%22">Trace elements</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sulfate+minerals%22">Sulfate minerals</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Liquids%22">Liquids</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The occurrence of sulfate and fluoride minerals in carbonatite-hosted rare earth element (REE) deposits suggests that sulfur and fluorine play important roles in REE mineralization. However, their influence on the partitioning behavior of REEs during the immiscibility process remains poorly understood. This study performed partitioning experiments to explore the impact of sulfur and fluorine on the liquid immiscibility between carbonatitic melt and alkaline silicate melt at 1000-1200 ℃ and 0.5-2.2 GPa. Surprisingly, the experimental results indicate that the addition of sulfur and fluorine does not significantly change the partition coefficients of trace elements between carbonatitic melt and silicate melt. The key factor determining REE partitioning is the structural difference between the two immiscible melts, which can be characterized by the non-bridging oxygen per tetrahedrally coordinated cation of the silicate melt (NBO/T). Partition coefficients tend to decrease as NBO/T increases. Importantly, REE, SO3, and F exhibit similar behaviors, making sulfate and fluoride minerals useful indicators for exploring carbonatite-hosted REE deposits. Additionally, we used rhyolite-MELTS software to simulate crystallization differentiation and liquid immiscibility in alkaline silicate melts. Modeling results show that the initial CO2 content of silicate melt determines the degree of crystallization at which liquid immiscibility occurs. Lower initial CO2 content enhances the enrichment of REEs in the immiscible carbonatitic melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1130/B37701.1
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 3233
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Rare earth metals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immiscibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Trace elements
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sulfate minerals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Liquids
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Formation of carbonatite-related giant rare earth element deposits by liquid immiscibility.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Shuo Xue
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Hongping He
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ming-Xing Ling
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            NameFull: Wanzhu Zhang
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Xing Ding
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Weidong Sun
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
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              Value: 00167606
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              Value: 137
            – Type: issue
              Value: 7/8
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Geological Society of America Bulletin
              Type: main
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