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A Systematic Review of Potential Health Risk Assessments for Nitrate Contamination in Different Water Resources in India.

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Title: A Systematic Review of Potential Health Risk Assessments for Nitrate Contamination in Different Water Resources in India.
Authors: Ritu, Ritu1 (AUTHOR), Ruby, Ruby1 (AUTHOR), Dimple, Dimple1 (AUTHOR), Nancy, Nancy1 (AUTHOR), Giri, Arup1 (AUTHOR) arupsatadal@gmail.com
Source: Water, Air & Soil Pollution. Nov2025, Vol. 236 Issue 11, p1-24. 24p.
Subject Terms: *Health risk assessment, *Public health, *Water supply, *Groundwater, *Aquatic resources, *Nitrification
Geographic Terms: India, Rajasthan (India)
Abstract: Nitrate contamination of water resources has emerged as a critical public health issue in India. This study systematically reviews nitrate contamination in groundwater and surface water across 16 Indian states via the PRISMA guidelines. The study integrates data from 90 studies published between 2014 and 2024, offering the first meta-analysis that comprehensively evaluates nitrate distribution and associated health risks across diverse regions in India. The results revealed significant regional variations in nitrate concentrations, with states such as Rajasthan exhibiting high mean nitrate levels (80.43 mg L−1), exceeding the BIS permissible limit of 45 mg L−1. Minimum nitrate contamination was detected in Uttarakhand (2.21 mg L−1). A comprehensive health risk assessment based on the US EPA model revealed that noncarcinogenic risk, calculated by the total hazard quotient (THQ), exceeded the acceptable limit (> 1) for all age groups. The THQ was highest in children, followed by adults and infants, indicating a high noncarcinogenic risk. This study emphasizes oral ingestion as the dominant exposure route, whereas dermal absorption poses minimal risks (DHQ < 1). These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions in high-risk states, including improved agricultural practices, enhanced wastewater management, and community-centric water quality monitoring. This review supports informed policymaking and aligns with sustainable development goals (SDG 3 and SDG 6) by addressing critical knowledge gaps and advocating for clean water and public health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 187667545
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: A Systematic Review of Potential Health Risk Assessments for Nitrate Contamination in Different Water Resources in India.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Ritu%2C+Ritu%22&quot;&gt;Ritu, Ritu&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Ruby%2C+Ruby%22&quot;&gt;Ruby, Ruby&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Dimple%2C+Dimple%22&quot;&gt;Dimple, Dimple&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Nancy%2C+Nancy%22&quot;&gt;Nancy, Nancy&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Giri%2C+Arup%22&quot;&gt;Giri, Arup&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; arupsatadal@gmail.com&lt;/i&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Water%2C+Air+%26+Soil+Pollution%22&quot;&gt;Water, Air &amp; Soil Pollution&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Nov2025, Vol. 236 Issue 11, p1-24. 24p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Health+risk+assessment%22&quot;&gt;Health risk assessment&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Public+health%22&quot;&gt;Public health&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Water+supply%22&quot;&gt;Water supply&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Groundwater%22&quot;&gt;Groundwater&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Aquatic+resources%22&quot;&gt;Aquatic resources&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Nitrification%22&quot;&gt;Nitrification&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Nitrate contamination of water resources has emerged as a critical public health issue in India. This study systematically reviews nitrate contamination in groundwater and surface water across 16 Indian states via the PRISMA guidelines. The study integrates data from 90 studies published between 2014 and 2024, offering the first meta-analysis that comprehensively evaluates nitrate distribution and associated health risks across diverse regions in India. The results revealed significant regional variations in nitrate concentrations, with states such as Rajasthan exhibiting high mean nitrate levels (80.43 mg L−1), exceeding the BIS permissible limit of 45 mg L−1. Minimum nitrate contamination was detected in Uttarakhand (2.21 mg L−1). A comprehensive health risk assessment based on the US EPA model revealed that noncarcinogenic risk, calculated by the total hazard quotient (THQ), exceeded the acceptable limit (&gt; 1) for all age groups. The THQ was highest in children, followed by adults and infants, indicating a high noncarcinogenic risk. This study emphasizes oral ingestion as the dominant exposure route, whereas dermal absorption poses minimal risks (DHQ &lt; 1). These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions in high-risk states, including improved agricultural practices, enhanced wastewater management, and community-centric water quality monitoring. This review supports informed policymaking and aligns with sustainable development goals (SDG 3 and SDG 6) by addressing critical knowledge gaps and advocating for clean water and public health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=187667545
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11270-025-08381-5
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Health risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Public health
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water supply
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Groundwater
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aquatic resources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nitrification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: India
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rajasthan (India)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: A Systematic Review of Potential Health Risk Assessments for Nitrate Contamination in Different Water Resources in India.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Ritu, Ritu
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            NameFull: Ruby, Ruby
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            NameFull: Dimple, Dimple
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            NameFull: Nancy, Nancy
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            NameFull: Giri, Arup
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
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              Value: 00496979
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              Value: 236
            – Type: issue
              Value: 11
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Water, Air & Soil Pollution
              Type: main
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