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Empirical testing of the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from 182 countries of the world.

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Title: Empirical testing of the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from 182 countries of the world.
Authors: Azam, Muhammad1 (AUTHOR) drazam75@yahoo.com, Rehman, Zia Ur2,3 (AUTHOR) ziamarwat1980@gmail.com, Khan, Himayatullah4 (AUTHOR) khan.himayatullah@aup.edu.pk, Haouas, Ilham5 (AUTHOR) ilham.haouas@adu.ac.ae
Source: Environment, Development & Sustainability. Dec2025, Vol. 27 Issue 12, p29661-29696. 36p.
Subject Terms: *Kuznets curve, *Carbon emissions, *Field research, *Sustainable development, *Socioeconomics, *Economic activity, *Green technology, *Sustainability
Abstract: Sustainability is to attain a better quality of life for a long period of time. Accomplishment of sustainable environment is a major challenge for all economies of the world. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis elucidates the association between economic activity and environmental quality deterioration. Therefore, the broad aim of this study is to explore the validity of the EKC hypothesis using real gross domestic product and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions along with other variables, for 182 countries based on annual time series data. The countries are categorized into four income groups (low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and higher-income countries) according to the World Bank classification. The fully modified ordinary least squares estimator is used for estimation. The empirical results confirm the presence of an EKC (inverted U-shaped relationship) in 11 low-income, 15 lower-middle-income, 34 upper-middle-income, and 24 high-income countries out of 182 countries, while in the remaining countries, the relationship between growth and CO2 emissions is U-shaped. Additionally, the positive impact of energy use and population growth on CO2 emissions is consistent with the hypothesis. Therefore, this study concludes that the EKC hypothesis holds true in 84 countries. These findings suggest that governments should prioritize low carbon emissions and green technology to achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 189634419
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Empirical testing of the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from 182 countries of the world.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Azam%2C+Muhammad%22">Azam, Muhammad</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> drazam75@yahoo.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rehman%2C+Zia+Ur%22">Rehman, Zia Ur</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ziamarwat1980@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Khan%2C+Himayatullah%22">Khan, Himayatullah</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> khan.himayatullah@aup.edu.pk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haouas%2C+Ilham%22">Haouas, Ilham</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ilham.haouas@adu.ac.ae</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environment%2C+Development+%26+Sustainability%22">Environment, Development & Sustainability</searchLink>. Dec2025, Vol. 27 Issue 12, p29661-29696. 36p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kuznets+curve%22">Kuznets curve</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+emissions%22">Carbon emissions</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Field+research%22">Field research</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainable+development%22">Sustainable development</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomics%22">Socioeconomics</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Economic+activity%22">Economic activity</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Green+technology%22">Green technology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Sustainability is to attain a better quality of life for a long period of time. Accomplishment of sustainable environment is a major challenge for all economies of the world. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis elucidates the association between economic activity and environmental quality deterioration. Therefore, the broad aim of this study is to explore the validity of the EKC hypothesis using real gross domestic product and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions along with other variables, for 182 countries based on annual time series data. The countries are categorized into four income groups (low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and higher-income countries) according to the World Bank classification. The fully modified ordinary least squares estimator is used for estimation. The empirical results confirm the presence of an EKC (inverted U-shaped relationship) in 11 low-income, 15 lower-middle-income, 34 upper-middle-income, and 24 high-income countries out of 182 countries, while in the remaining countries, the relationship between growth and CO2 emissions is U-shaped. Additionally, the positive impact of energy use and population growth on CO2 emissions is consistent with the hypothesis. Therefore, this study concludes that the EKC hypothesis holds true in 84 countries. These findings suggest that governments should prioritize low carbon emissions and green technology to achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10668-024-04890-1
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 36
        StartPage: 29661
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Kuznets curve
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon emissions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Field research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainable development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Socioeconomics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Economic activity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Green technology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Empirical testing of the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from 182 countries of the world.
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            NameFull: Azam, Muhammad
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            NameFull: Rehman, Zia Ur
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            NameFull: Khan, Himayatullah
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            – D: 01
              M: 12
              Text: Dec2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 27
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