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Modeling the mechanisms of coastal vegetation dynamics and ecosystem responses to changing water levels.

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Title: Modeling the mechanisms of coastal vegetation dynamics and ecosystem responses to changing water levels.
Authors: Ding, Junyan1 (AUTHOR) jding@oxy.edu, McDowell, Nate2,3 (AUTHOR), Bailey, Vanessa3 (AUTHOR), Conroy, Nate4 (AUTHOR), Day, Donnie J.5 (AUTHOR), Fang, Yilin6 (AUTHOR), Kemner, Kenneth M.7 (AUTHOR), Kirwan, Matthew L.8 (AUTHOR), Koven, Charlie D.9 (AUTHOR), Kovach, Matthew5 (AUTHOR), Megonigal, Patrick10 (AUTHOR), Morris, Kendalynn A.11 (AUTHOR), O'Meara, Teri12 (AUTHOR), Pennington, Stephanie C.11 (AUTHOR), Peixoto, Roberta B.5 (AUTHOR), Thornton, Peter12 (AUTHOR), Weintraub, Mike5 (AUTHOR), Regier, Peter13 (AUTHOR), Sandoval, Leticia5 (AUTHOR), Machado-Silva, Fausto5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Biogeosciences. 2025, Vol. 22 Issue 22, p6963-6978. 16p.
Subject Terms: *Tree mortality, *Ecosystem dynamics, *Wetland restoration, *Biogeochemical cycles, *Coastal plants, *Water levels, *Computer simulation
Geographic Terms: Lake Erie, Chesapeake Bay (Md. & Va.)
Abstract: Coastal forests are increasingly experiencing mortality due to inundation by fresh- and seawater, leading to their replacement by marshes. These shifts alter vegetation composition, biogeochemical cycling, carbon storage, and hydrology. Using a hydraulically enabled ecosystem demography model (FATES-Hydro), we conducted numerical experiments to investigate the mechanisms behind inundation-driven forest loss and the ecosystem-scale consequences of forest-to-marsh transitions. We compared mortality processes and their effects across broadleaf and conifer trees at two coastal sites – Lake Erie (freshwater) and Chesapeake Bay (saline). Our simulations show that hydraulic failure, driven by root loss under prolonged flooding, is the primary mortality mechanism across both tree types and sites. Forest replacement by marsh reduced ecosystem-scale leaf area index (LAI), gross primary production (GPP), transpiration, and deep soil water uptake in conifer forests, while broadleaf forests experienced smaller changes due to lower initial LAI and greater marsh compensation. Marsh invasion occurred following canopy thinning driven by tree mortality. These findings suggest that, under similar root loss, hydraulic failure dominates coastal tree mortality regardless of species or water type, with denser forests experiencing stronger ecosystem impacts. Our study identifies key mortality mechanisms and offers testable hypotheses for future empirical studies on coastal vegetation change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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  Data: Modeling the mechanisms of coastal vegetation dynamics and ecosystem responses to changing water levels.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ding%2C+Junyan%22">Ding, Junyan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jding@oxy.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McDowell%2C+Nate%22">McDowell, Nate</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bailey%2C+Vanessa%22">Bailey, Vanessa</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Conroy%2C+Nate%22">Conroy, Nate</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Day%2C+Donnie J%2E%22">Day, Donnie J.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fang%2C+Yilin%22">Fang, Yilin</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kemner%2C+Kenneth M%2E%22">Kemner, Kenneth M.</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kirwan%2C+Matthew L%2E%22">Kirwan, Matthew L.</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Koven%2C+Charlie D%2E%22">Koven, Charlie D.</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kovach%2C+Matthew%22">Kovach, Matthew</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Megonigal%2C+Patrick%22">Megonigal, Patrick</searchLink><relatesTo>10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Morris%2C+Kendalynn A%2E%22">Morris, Kendalynn A.</searchLink><relatesTo>11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22O'Meara%2C+Teri%22">O'Meara, Teri</searchLink><relatesTo>12</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pennington%2C+Stephanie C%2E%22">Pennington, Stephanie C.</searchLink><relatesTo>11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peixoto%2C+Roberta B%2E%22">Peixoto, Roberta B.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thornton%2C+Peter%22">Thornton, Peter</searchLink><relatesTo>12</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Weintraub%2C+Mike%22">Weintraub, Mike</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Regier%2C+Peter%22">Regier, Peter</searchLink><relatesTo>13</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sandoval%2C+Leticia%22">Sandoval, Leticia</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Machado-Silva%2C+Fausto%22">Machado-Silva, Fausto</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Biogeosciences%22">Biogeosciences</searchLink>. 2025, Vol. 22 Issue 22, p6963-6978. 16p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tree+mortality%22">Tree mortality</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ecosystem+dynamics%22">Ecosystem dynamics</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wetland+restoration%22">Wetland restoration</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biogeochemical+cycles%22">Biogeochemical cycles</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coastal+plants%22">Coastal plants</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+levels%22">Water levels</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lake+Erie%22">Lake Erie</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chesapeake+Bay+%28Md%2E+%26+Va%2E%29%22">Chesapeake Bay (Md. & Va.)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Coastal forests are increasingly experiencing mortality due to inundation by fresh- and seawater, leading to their replacement by marshes. These shifts alter vegetation composition, biogeochemical cycling, carbon storage, and hydrology. Using a hydraulically enabled ecosystem demography model (FATES-Hydro), we conducted numerical experiments to investigate the mechanisms behind inundation-driven forest loss and the ecosystem-scale consequences of forest-to-marsh transitions. We compared mortality processes and their effects across broadleaf and conifer trees at two coastal sites – Lake Erie (freshwater) and Chesapeake Bay (saline). Our simulations show that hydraulic failure, driven by root loss under prolonged flooding, is the primary mortality mechanism across both tree types and sites. Forest replacement by marsh reduced ecosystem-scale leaf area index (LAI), gross primary production (GPP), transpiration, and deep soil water uptake in conifer forests, while broadleaf forests experienced smaller changes due to lower initial LAI and greater marsh compensation. Marsh invasion occurred following canopy thinning driven by tree mortality. These findings suggest that, under similar root loss, hydraulic failure dominates coastal tree mortality regardless of species or water type, with denser forests experiencing stronger ecosystem impacts. Our study identifies key mortality mechanisms and offers testable hypotheses for future empirical studies on coastal vegetation change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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        Value: 10.5194/bg-22-6963-2025
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: 6963
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ecosystem dynamics
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      – SubjectFull: Wetland restoration
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      – SubjectFull: Coastal plants
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      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
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      – SubjectFull: Lake Erie
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      – SubjectFull: Chesapeake Bay (Md. & Va.)
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