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Modeling Large-Deformation Pipe–Soil Interaction for Heavy On-Bottom Pipelines in Clay.

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Title: Modeling Large-Deformation Pipe–Soil Interaction for Heavy On-Bottom Pipelines in Clay.
Authors: Kong, Deqiong1 (AUTHOR) deqiong_kong@zju.edu.cn, Lou, Xulong2 (AUTHOR) xulong_lou@zju.edu.cn, Chen, Xingchao3 (AUTHOR) xingchao_chen@zju.edu.cn, Su, Siyang3 (AUTHOR) siyangsu@zju.edu.cn, Milewski, Henry4 (AUTHOR) HMIL@equinor.com, Kennedy, Justin5 (AUTHOR) justin.kennedy@technipfmc.com, Zhu, Bin6 (AUTHOR) binzhu@zju.edu.cn
Source: Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering. Mar2026, Vol. 152 Issue 3, p1-13. 13p.
Subject Terms: *Clay, *Buried pipes (Engineering), *Plastic analysis (Engineering), *Water pipelines, *Deformations (Mechanics), *Mechanical buckling, *Empirical research, *Bearing capacity of soils
Abstract: Reliable assessment of large-displacement pipe–soil interaction is essential for the controlled buckling design of deep-water pipelines. While extensive research has focused on light pipes, this paper shifts the focus to heavy ones. Using the sequential limit analysis approach, we model pipes laterally displaced in undrained clay with a maximum displacement range of up to 40 diameters, determined based on industry experience. Key parameters examined include pipe weight, initial embedment, soil strength profile, and strain softening effects. It was found that a residual state, characterized by nearly constant pipe elevation and lateral soil resistance, can only be reached at displacements exceeding 30 diameters by heavy pipes. Once this state is reached, the effect of loading history is minimal, as evidenced by the close alignment of vertical and horizontal load failure envelopes, which are well described by an elliptic equation. The study also identifies various soil failure mechanisms for heavy pipes, highlighting the difficulties in developing a simplified model for assessing pipe–soil resistance. A quantitative empirical model is proposed to evaluate soil softening at residual state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 190910495
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Modeling Large-Deformation Pipe–Soil Interaction for Heavy On-Bottom Pipelines in Clay.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kong%2C+Deqiong%22">Kong, Deqiong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> deqiong_kong@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lou%2C+Xulong%22">Lou, Xulong</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> xulong_lou@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Xingchao%22">Chen, Xingchao</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> xingchao_chen@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Su%2C+Siyang%22">Su, Siyang</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> siyangsu@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Milewski%2C+Henry%22">Milewski, Henry</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> HMIL@equinor.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kennedy%2C+Justin%22">Kennedy, Justin</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> justin.kennedy@technipfmc.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Bin%22">Zhu, Bin</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> binzhu@zju.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Geotechnical+%26+Geoenvironmental+Engineering%22">Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 152 Issue 3, p1-13. 13p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Clay%22">Clay</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Buried+pipes+%28Engineering%29%22">Buried pipes (Engineering)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plastic+analysis+%28Engineering%29%22">Plastic analysis (Engineering)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+pipelines%22">Water pipelines</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deformations+%28Mechanics%29%22">Deformations (Mechanics)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+buckling%22">Mechanical buckling</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Empirical+research%22">Empirical research</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bearing+capacity+of+soils%22">Bearing capacity of soils</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Reliable assessment of large-displacement pipe–soil interaction is essential for the controlled buckling design of deep-water pipelines. While extensive research has focused on light pipes, this paper shifts the focus to heavy ones. Using the sequential limit analysis approach, we model pipes laterally displaced in undrained clay with a maximum displacement range of up to 40 diameters, determined based on industry experience. Key parameters examined include pipe weight, initial embedment, soil strength profile, and strain softening effects. It was found that a residual state, characterized by nearly constant pipe elevation and lateral soil resistance, can only be reached at displacements exceeding 30 diameters by heavy pipes. Once this state is reached, the effect of loading history is minimal, as evidenced by the close alignment of vertical and horizontal load failure envelopes, which are well described by an elliptic equation. The study also identifies various soil failure mechanisms for heavy pipes, highlighting the difficulties in developing a simplified model for assessing pipe–soil resistance. A quantitative empirical model is proposed to evaluate soil softening at residual state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=190910495
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-14137
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Clay
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Buried pipes (Engineering)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plastic analysis (Engineering)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water pipelines
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deformations (Mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical buckling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Empirical research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bearing capacity of soils
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Modeling Large-Deformation Pipe–Soil Interaction for Heavy On-Bottom Pipelines in Clay.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kong, Deqiong
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lou, Xulong
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Chen, Xingchao
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Su, Siyang
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Milewski, Henry
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kennedy, Justin
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            NameFull: Zhu, Bin
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 10900241
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 152
            – Type: issue
              Value: 3
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering
              Type: main
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