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Photochemistry of the sea-surface microlayer (SML) influenced by a phytoplankton bloom: a mesocosm study.

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Title: Photochemistry of the sea-surface microlayer (SML) influenced by a phytoplankton bloom: a mesocosm study.
Authors: Jibaja Valderrama, Olenka1 (AUTHOR), Scheres Firak, Daniele1 (AUTHOR), Schaefer, Thomas1 (AUTHOR), van Pinxteren, Manuela1 (AUTHOR), Fomba, Khanneh Wadinga1 (AUTHOR), Herrmann, Hartmut1 (AUTHOR) herrmann@tropos.de
Source: Biogeosciences. 2026, Vol. 23 Issue 5, p1965-1985. 21p.
Subject Terms: *Sea surface microlayer, *Algal blooms, *Sea water analysis, *Volatile organic compounds, *Carbonyl compounds, *Photocatalytic oxidation, *Ocean-atmosphere interaction, *Photochemistry
Abstract: The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is the thin boundary interface between the ocean and the atmosphere, and it is expected to play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry on a global scale. Being a biologically-enriched environment exposed to strong actinic radiation, the SML is potentially a hotspot for photochemical reactions that have relevance in the transformation and cycling of organic compounds. The present study explores the photochemical production and degradation of carbonyl compounds, as well as the photochemical oxidation capacity in both ambient SML and underlying water (ULW) samples. Natural seawater samples were collected during a mesocosm study where a phytoplankton bloom was induced through the controlled addition of inorganic nutrients. To assess the photochemistry of carbonyl compounds, collected SML and ULW samples were irradiated for 5 h. The photochemical formation and degradation of 17 carbonyl compounds were quantified by monitoring compound-specific changes in concentrations, which varied significantly across the samples. Before irradiation, values in the SML ranged from 201–762 nmolL-1 in the pre-bloom phase, 984–4591 nmolL-1 in the bloom phase, and 647–4894 nmolL-1 in the post-bloom phase; while in the ULW they were significantly lower (e.g., 136–366 nmolL-1 in the bloom phase). After 5 h of irradiation, the concentrations of carbonyl compounds increased further, reaching up to 6026 nmolL-1 in the SML during the bloom phase and 419 nmolL-1 in the ULW. Experimental evidence suggests an enhanced photochemical activity in the SML during the bloom phase for glyoxal, methylglyoxal, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), methacrolein, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, heptanal, biacetyl, hexanal and trans-2-hexenal. The observed photooxidation capacity of the seawater samples indicate a dominant influence of redox active species like metal ions, rather than of the phytoplankton bloom phases. The overall photochemical oxidation capacity was similar for both SML and ULW samples, with average values of 34 µMs-1. Our findings show an influence of biological activity in the photochemistry of carbonyl compounds in the SML and its implications for the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the marine atmosphere, pointing to the complex interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the air–sea boundary and underscoring the relevance of marine photochemistry in biogeochemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Photochemistry of the sea-surface microlayer (SML) influenced by a phytoplankton bloom: a mesocosm study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jibaja Valderrama%2C+Olenka%22">Jibaja Valderrama, Olenka</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Scheres Firak%2C+Daniele%22">Scheres Firak, Daniele</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schaefer%2C+Thomas%22">Schaefer, Thomas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22van Pinxteren%2C+Manuela%22">van Pinxteren, Manuela</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fomba%2C+Khanneh Wadinga%22">Fomba, Khanneh Wadinga</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Herrmann%2C+Hartmut%22">Herrmann, Hartmut</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> herrmann@tropos.de</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Biogeosciences%22">Biogeosciences</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 23 Issue 5, p1965-1985. 21p.
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  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sea+surface+microlayer%22">Sea surface microlayer</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Algal+blooms%22">Algal blooms</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sea+water+analysis%22">Sea water analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Volatile+organic+compounds%22">Volatile organic compounds</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbonyl+compounds%22">Carbonyl compounds</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photocatalytic+oxidation%22">Photocatalytic oxidation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean-atmosphere+interaction%22">Ocean-atmosphere interaction</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photochemistry%22">Photochemistry</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is the thin boundary interface between the ocean and the atmosphere, and it is expected to play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry on a global scale. Being a biologically-enriched environment exposed to strong actinic radiation, the SML is potentially a hotspot for photochemical reactions that have relevance in the transformation and cycling of organic compounds. The present study explores the photochemical production and degradation of carbonyl compounds, as well as the photochemical oxidation capacity in both ambient SML and underlying water (ULW) samples. Natural seawater samples were collected during a mesocosm study where a phytoplankton bloom was induced through the controlled addition of inorganic nutrients. To assess the photochemistry of carbonyl compounds, collected SML and ULW samples were irradiated for 5 h. The photochemical formation and degradation of 17 carbonyl compounds were quantified by monitoring compound-specific changes in concentrations, which varied significantly across the samples. Before irradiation, values in the SML ranged from 201–762 nmolL-1 in the pre-bloom phase, 984–4591 nmolL-1 in the bloom phase, and 647–4894 nmolL-1 in the post-bloom phase; while in the ULW they were significantly lower (e.g., 136–366 nmolL-1 in the bloom phase). After 5 h of irradiation, the concentrations of carbonyl compounds increased further, reaching up to 6026 nmolL-1 in the SML during the bloom phase and 419 nmolL-1 in the ULW. Experimental evidence suggests an enhanced photochemical activity in the SML during the bloom phase for glyoxal, methylglyoxal, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), methacrolein, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, heptanal, biacetyl, hexanal and trans-2-hexenal. The observed photooxidation capacity of the seawater samples indicate a dominant influence of redox active species like metal ions, rather than of the phytoplankton bloom phases. The overall photochemical oxidation capacity was similar for both SML and ULW samples, with average values of 34 µMs-1. Our findings show an influence of biological activity in the photochemistry of carbonyl compounds in the SML and its implications for the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the marine atmosphere, pointing to the complex interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in the air–sea boundary and underscoring the relevance of marine photochemistry in biogeochemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=192564007
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.5194/bg-23-1965-2026
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 1965
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Sea surface microlayer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Algal blooms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sea water analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Volatile organic compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbonyl compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photocatalytic oxidation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ocean-atmosphere interaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photochemistry
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Photochemistry of the sea-surface microlayer (SML) influenced by a phytoplankton bloom: a mesocosm study.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Jibaja Valderrama, Olenka
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            NameFull: Scheres Firak, Daniele
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            NameFull: Schaefer, Thomas
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            NameFull: van Pinxteren, Manuela
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            NameFull: Fomba, Khanneh Wadinga
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            NameFull: Herrmann, Hartmut
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 17264170
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 23
            – Type: issue
              Value: 5
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Biogeosciences
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