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High-Performance Speed Control of BLDC Motor Drives Using a PI Sailfish Optimization Algorithm.

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Title: High-Performance Speed Control of BLDC Motor Drives Using a PI Sailfish Optimization Algorithm.
Authors: Othman, Othman Abdalkader1 (AUTHOR), Doss, Mohan Arun Noyal1,2 (AUTHOR), Aldahmashi, Jamal2,3 (AUTHOR), Ibrahim, Moustafa Ahmed1,3 (AUTHOR) arunnoyal@gmail.com, Rajamanickam, Narayanamoorthi1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1644. 25p.
Subject Terms: *Brushless direct current electric motors, *Torque control, *Cruise control, *Optimization algorithms, *Electric vehicles, *PID controllers
Abstract: BLDC motors are utilized in electric cars, robotics, drones, home appliances and medical equipment due to their effectiveness, dependability, and accurate control. PI controllers have been put forward to enhance the dynamic performance of brushless direct current (BLDC) motors, and they have been tested in many papers with various algorithms (such as PSO, GA, GWO, ACO and ABC) and strategies (such as PI/PID control, FOC, FLC, SMC and MPC). Meanwhile, in this research, and for the first time, the PI controller was tuned by the proposed Sailfish Optimization algorithm (SFO) with a direct torque control (DTC) strategy to enhance the dynamic performance of BLDC motors. Although DTC provides a very fast torque response, it still suffers from high torque ripple and noticeable instability at low speeds. These issues persist even when using conventional PI tuning or common optimization algorithms. Hence, in this research, we proposed an improved control strategy that combines DTC with PI tuning optimized by the Sailfish Optimization algorithm (SFO), which delivers smoother torque, more stable low-speed operation, and stronger robustness during sudden changes in load. In this regard, the PI controller was tested under different levels of torque and compared with the traditional Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO-PI) algorithm controller, as well as PI and PID controllers, and the performance of each of them was evaluated for different torque levels at speeds of 600 rpm and 2000 rpm during physical experiments. The simulation results showed that the Sailfish-PI controller, compared to the others, recorded the fastest response with a rise time of 2.1 ms and settling time of 2.9 ms under 2.39 Nm nominal torque at 2000 rpm speed; in addition, it continuously showed the lowest values of overshoot and undershoot as torque increased. It also maintained the most accurate and consistent performance, keeping the peak rpm almost flat and extremely near to the target of 2001 rpm. Therefore, in systems that require variable speed and torque while operating, such as electric automobiles, the proposed method is suitable for application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 192959048
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: High-Performance Speed Control of BLDC Motor Drives Using a PI Sailfish Optimization Algorithm.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Othman%2C+Othman+Abdalkader%22">Othman, Othman Abdalkader</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Doss%2C+Mohan+Arun+Noyal%22">Doss, Mohan Arun Noyal</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aldahmashi%2C+Jamal%22">Aldahmashi, Jamal</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ibrahim%2C+Moustafa+Ahmed%22">Ibrahim, Moustafa Ahmed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> arunnoyal@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rajamanickam%2C+Narayanamoorthi%22">Rajamanickam, Narayanamoorthi</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1644. 25p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brushless+direct+current+electric+motors%22">Brushless direct current electric motors</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Torque+control%22">Torque control</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cruise+control%22">Cruise control</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optimization+algorithms%22">Optimization algorithms</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+vehicles%22">Electric vehicles</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22PID+controllers%22">PID controllers</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: BLDC motors are utilized in electric cars, robotics, drones, home appliances and medical equipment due to their effectiveness, dependability, and accurate control. PI controllers have been put forward to enhance the dynamic performance of brushless direct current (BLDC) motors, and they have been tested in many papers with various algorithms (such as PSO, GA, GWO, ACO and ABC) and strategies (such as PI/PID control, FOC, FLC, SMC and MPC). Meanwhile, in this research, and for the first time, the PI controller was tuned by the proposed Sailfish Optimization algorithm (SFO) with a direct torque control (DTC) strategy to enhance the dynamic performance of BLDC motors. Although DTC provides a very fast torque response, it still suffers from high torque ripple and noticeable instability at low speeds. These issues persist even when using conventional PI tuning or common optimization algorithms. Hence, in this research, we proposed an improved control strategy that combines DTC with PI tuning optimized by the Sailfish Optimization algorithm (SFO), which delivers smoother torque, more stable low-speed operation, and stronger robustness during sudden changes in load. In this regard, the PI controller was tested under different levels of torque and compared with the traditional Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO-PI) algorithm controller, as well as PI and PID controllers, and the performance of each of them was evaluated for different torque levels at speeds of 600 rpm and 2000 rpm during physical experiments. The simulation results showed that the Sailfish-PI controller, compared to the others, recorded the fastest response with a rise time of 2.1 ms and settling time of 2.9 ms under 2.39 Nm nominal torque at 2000 rpm speed; in addition, it continuously showed the lowest values of overshoot and undershoot as torque increased. It also maintained the most accurate and consistent performance, keeping the peak rpm almost flat and extremely near to the target of 2001 rpm. Therefore, in systems that require variable speed and torque while operating, such as electric automobiles, the proposed method is suitable for application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19071644
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 25
        StartPage: 1644
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Brushless direct current electric motors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Torque control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cruise control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optimization algorithms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric vehicles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: PID controllers
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: High-Performance Speed Control of BLDC Motor Drives Using a PI Sailfish Optimization Algorithm.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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          Name:
            NameFull: Othman, Othman Abdalkader
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          Name:
            NameFull: Doss, Mohan Arun Noyal
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            NameFull: Aldahmashi, Jamal
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            NameFull: Ibrahim, Moustafa Ahmed
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            NameFull: Rajamanickam, Narayanamoorthi
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 7
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
              Type: main
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