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Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems for Heavy-Duty Trucks: Configuration, Heat Rejection, and Performance.

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Title: Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems for Heavy-Duty Trucks: Configuration, Heat Rejection, and Performance.
Authors: Wang, Xiaohua1 (AUTHOR), Ahluwalia, Rajesh1 (AUTHOR) walia@anl.gov
Source: Energies (19961073). Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1748. 19p.
Subject Terms: *Heavy duty trucks, *Cooling loads (Mechanical engineering), *Energy density, *Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, *Fuel cell efficiency, *Battery storage plants, *Temperature control
Abstract: Low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems can achieve higher efficiency than diesel engines, but heat rejection remains a major challenge in class-8 heavy-duty fuel cell trucks. For the same rated power, the radiator heat load is greater than that in a diesel engine, while the allowable operating temperatures are lower. This work proposes and evaluates 400 kWe fuel cell–battery hybrid (FCH) platforms and operating strategies that manage heat rejection without enlarging the radiator frontal area. Three FCH platforms are identified, each varying in fuel cell system (FCS) rated power, battery energy storage system (ESS) capacity, and maximum stack coolant exit temperature ( T h 1 ). All three satisfy key system and vehicle requirements, including 175 kWe FCS power at top sustained speed, 400 kWe FCH power on a 6% grade climb, a target stack power density (PD) of 750 mWe/cm2, and heat rejection constraints. The first FCH has the smallest FCS, the largest ESS, and a T h 1 of 90 °C. The second achieves the highest PD of 840 mWe/cm2 at a T h 1 of 95 °C. The third has the largest FCS, the smallest ESS, and a T h 1 of 102 °C. At a T h 1 of 115 °C, the platform can be configured as a stand-alone 400 kWe(net) FCS without hybridization, but the achievable PD drops to 460 mWe/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 192959152
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems for Heavy-Duty Trucks: Configuration, Heat Rejection, and Performance.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Xiaohua%22">Wang, Xiaohua</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ahluwalia%2C+Rajesh%22">Ahluwalia, Rajesh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> walia@anl.gov</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1748. 19p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heavy+duty+trucks%22">Heavy duty trucks</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cooling+loads+%28Mechanical+engineering%29%22">Cooling loads (Mechanical engineering)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+density%22">Energy density</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Proton+exchange+membrane+fuel+cells%22">Proton exchange membrane fuel cells</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fuel+cell+efficiency%22">Fuel cell efficiency</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Battery+storage+plants%22">Battery storage plants</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+control%22">Temperature control</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems can achieve higher efficiency than diesel engines, but heat rejection remains a major challenge in class-8 heavy-duty fuel cell trucks. For the same rated power, the radiator heat load is greater than that in a diesel engine, while the allowable operating temperatures are lower. This work proposes and evaluates 400 kWe fuel cell–battery hybrid (FCH) platforms and operating strategies that manage heat rejection without enlarging the radiator frontal area. Three FCH platforms are identified, each varying in fuel cell system (FCS) rated power, battery energy storage system (ESS) capacity, and maximum stack coolant exit temperature ( T h 1 ). All three satisfy key system and vehicle requirements, including 175 kWe FCS power at top sustained speed, 400 kWe FCH power on a 6% grade climb, a target stack power density (PD) of 750 mWe/cm2, and heat rejection constraints. The first FCH has the smallest FCS, the largest ESS, and a T h 1 of 90 °C. The second achieves the highest PD of 840 mWe/cm2 at a T h 1 of 95 °C. The third has the largest FCS, the smallest ESS, and a T h 1 of 102 °C. At a T h 1 of 115 °C, the platform can be configured as a stand-alone 400 kWe(net) FCS without hybridization, but the achievable PD drops to 460 mWe/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=192959152
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19071748
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 1748
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Heavy duty trucks
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cooling loads (Mechanical engineering)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy density
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fuel cell efficiency
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Battery storage plants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature control
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems for Heavy-Duty Trucks: Configuration, Heat Rejection, and Performance.
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            NameFull: Wang, Xiaohua
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            NameFull: Ahluwalia, Rajesh
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            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
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              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 7
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            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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