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Performance Evaluation of a Cloud-Native Open-Source Power System Digital Twin for Real-Time Simulation.

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Title: Performance Evaluation of a Cloud-Native Open-Source Power System Digital Twin for Real-Time Simulation.
Authors: Noreña, Juan-Pablo1 (AUTHOR), Perez, Ernesto1 (AUTHOR) eperezg@unal.edu.co
Source: Energies (19961073). Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 8, p1982. 16p.
Subject Terms: *Power system simulation, *Cloud computing, *Real-time computing, *Benchmark problems (Computer science), *Cyber physical systems, *Digital twin, *Open source software, *Scalability
Abstract: The increasing complexity of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems, driven by the high penetration of power electronics, advanced control, and digitalization, demands scalable, flexible real-time simulation platforms beyond traditional laboratory-based solutions. This paper investigates the feasibility of deploying open-source real-time power system simulation frameworks on cloud-based infrastructures while meeting real-time computational constraints. An open-source architecture based on DPsim and the VILLAS framework is implemented and evaluated across five computing environments using open-source tools: bare-metal, non-cloud virtual machines, private cloud Kubernetes clusters, public cloud virtual machines, and public cloud Kubernetes clusters. Each environment is carefully configured and tuned using real-time operating systems, CPU isolation, and affinity mechanisms to improve deterministic behavior. Performance and scalability are assessed through a benchmark based on replicated IEEE 9-bus systems, progressively increasing system size, and measuring simulation-timestep execution time. The results show that cloud and cloud-like infrastructures can support soft and, under controlled conditions, firm real-time simulation tasks, although achievable system scale decreases as additional abstraction layers are introduced. The study identifies practical performance limits for each infrastructure and discusses their suitability for different real-time simulation and co-simulation applications. These findings demonstrate that cloud-based real-time simulation can complement traditional digital real-time simulators, enabling scalable and cost-effective CPES experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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  Availability: 1
Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 193438322
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Performance Evaluation of a Cloud-Native Open-Source Power System Digital Twin for Real-Time Simulation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Noreña%2C+Juan-Pablo%22">Noreña, Juan-Pablo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Perez%2C+Ernesto%22">Perez, Ernesto</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> eperezg@unal.edu.co</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 8, p1982. 16p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Power+system+simulation%22">Power system simulation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cloud+computing%22">Cloud computing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Real-time+computing%22">Real-time computing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Benchmark+problems+%28Computer+science%29%22">Benchmark problems (Computer science)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cyber+physical+systems%22">Cyber physical systems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Digital+twin%22">Digital twin</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Open+source+software%22">Open source software</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scalability%22">Scalability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The increasing complexity of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems, driven by the high penetration of power electronics, advanced control, and digitalization, demands scalable, flexible real-time simulation platforms beyond traditional laboratory-based solutions. This paper investigates the feasibility of deploying open-source real-time power system simulation frameworks on cloud-based infrastructures while meeting real-time computational constraints. An open-source architecture based on DPsim and the VILLAS framework is implemented and evaluated across five computing environments using open-source tools: bare-metal, non-cloud virtual machines, private cloud Kubernetes clusters, public cloud virtual machines, and public cloud Kubernetes clusters. Each environment is carefully configured and tuned using real-time operating systems, CPU isolation, and affinity mechanisms to improve deterministic behavior. Performance and scalability are assessed through a benchmark based on replicated IEEE 9-bus systems, progressively increasing system size, and measuring simulation-timestep execution time. The results show that cloud and cloud-like infrastructures can support soft and, under controlled conditions, firm real-time simulation tasks, although achievable system scale decreases as additional abstraction layers are introduced. The study identifies practical performance limits for each infrastructure and discusses their suitability for different real-time simulation and co-simulation applications. These findings demonstrate that cloud-based real-time simulation can complement traditional digital real-time simulators, enabling scalable and cost-effective CPES experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=193438322
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19081982
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1982
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Power system simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cloud computing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Real-time computing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Benchmark problems (Computer science)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cyber physical systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Digital twin
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Open source software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scalability
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Performance Evaluation of a Cloud-Native Open-Source Power System Digital Twin for Real-Time Simulation.
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            NameFull: Noreña, Juan-Pablo
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            NameFull: Perez, Ernesto
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            – D: 15
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 8
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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