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Optimized Design of Side-Connected Rectified Planar Transformer for Data Center DCX Modules.

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Title: Optimized Design of Side-Connected Rectified Planar Transformer for Data Center DCX Modules.
Authors: Cao, Yang1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Bin2 (AUTHOR), Zhu, Zhanshan1,3 (AUTHOR), Xu, Min1 (AUTHOR) xu_min@fudan.edu.cn, Zhang, David Wei1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p2049. 17p.
Subject Terms: *Power density, *Electric transformers, *Current density (Electromagnetism), *Electronic circuit design, *Mathematical optimization
Abstract: The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has continuously boosted the computing power of data centers, imposing stringent requirements on the efficiency and power density of low-voltage high-current power modules. The capacity expansion of planar transformers mainly includes vertical and horizontal expansion. Vertical expansion tends to cause unbalanced current among windings, accompanied by a diminishing marginal effect in loss reduction, while horizontal expansion increases the module footprint, making it difficult to achieve a high-power-density design. This paper proposes a side-connected rectified planar transformer scheme. By optimizing the winding layout and arranging the secondary-side rectifier devices on the side of windings, a balanced winding current and linear capacity expansion gain are realized, which effectively improves winding utilization and reduces power loss. Based on the proposed scheme, the PCB design and prototype development are completed, and its effectiveness is verified through numerical simulation and experiments. The full-load test results at 6 V/140 A show that the module delivers a full-load efficiency of 97.5%, a power density of 3066 W/in3, and a current density of 0.33 A/mm2. Meanwhile, a peak efficiency of 98.8% is achieved at an operating condition of 4.8 V/50 A. The loss breakdown results are highly consistent with theoretical analysis and simulation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 193715945
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Optimized Design of Side-Connected Rectified Planar Transformer for Data Center DCX Modules.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cao%2C+Yang%22">Cao, Yang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Bin%22">Wang, Bin</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Zhanshan%22">Zhu, Zhanshan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Min%22">Xu, Min</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> xu_min@fudan.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+David+Wei%22">Zhang, David Wei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p2049. 17p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Power+density%22">Power density</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+transformers%22">Electric transformers</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Current+density+%28Electromagnetism%29%22">Current density (Electromagnetism)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+circuit+design%22">Electronic circuit design</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has continuously boosted the computing power of data centers, imposing stringent requirements on the efficiency and power density of low-voltage high-current power modules. The capacity expansion of planar transformers mainly includes vertical and horizontal expansion. Vertical expansion tends to cause unbalanced current among windings, accompanied by a diminishing marginal effect in loss reduction, while horizontal expansion increases the module footprint, making it difficult to achieve a high-power-density design. This paper proposes a side-connected rectified planar transformer scheme. By optimizing the winding layout and arranging the secondary-side rectifier devices on the side of windings, a balanced winding current and linear capacity expansion gain are realized, which effectively improves winding utilization and reduces power loss. Based on the proposed scheme, the PCB design and prototype development are completed, and its effectiveness is verified through numerical simulation and experiments. The full-load test results at 6 V/140 A show that the module delivers a full-load efficiency of 97.5%, a power density of 3066 W/in3, and a current density of 0.33 A/mm2. Meanwhile, a peak efficiency of 98.8% is achieved at an operating condition of 4.8 V/50 A. The loss breakdown results are highly consistent with theoretical analysis and simulation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19092049
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 2049
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Power density
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric transformers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Current density (Electromagnetism)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electronic circuit design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Optimized Design of Side-Connected Rectified Planar Transformer for Data Center DCX Modules.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Cao, Yang
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            NameFull: Wang, Bin
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            NameFull: Zhu, Zhanshan
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            NameFull: Xu, Min
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            NameFull: Zhang, David Wei
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 9
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            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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