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Joint Command and Control Versus Integrated Energy Systems: A Comparative Analysis Based on a Quantity–Quality–Spatiotemporal Model.

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Title: Joint Command and Control Versus Integrated Energy Systems: A Comparative Analysis Based on a Quantity–Quality–Spatiotemporal Model.
Authors: Liu, Wenguo1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Yiyu2 (AUTHOR), Zhong, Wei1,3 (AUTHOR), Feng, Yanhao3,4 (AUTHOR), Wang, Liteng4,5 (AUTHOR), Qiu, Tianyue3,6 (AUTHOR), Wu, Yanling1,3 (AUTHOR), Tian, Xingtao2,5 (AUTHOR), Lin, Xueru2,3,6 (AUTHOR), Li, Jiaze3,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p2094. 26p.
Subject Terms: *Exergy, *Hybrid power systems, *Energy consumption
Abstract: As modern energy systems become increasingly complex and multi-source integrated, efficient coordination between diverse energy carriers and dynamic demand is essential. This study identifies a structural parallel between integrated energy system (IES) scheduling and the weapon-target assignment (WTA) problem in joint command and control, and proposes a quantity–quality–spatiotemporal (QQST) framework to model multi-dimensional supply–demand matching. The QQST framework formulates scheduling as a coupled optimization problem integrating quantity balance, energy quality (exergy), spatial distribution, and temporal dynamics. A real-world industrial IES case, involving 60 textile enterprises and a 62 km steam network, is used for validation. The proposed model is benchmarked against a conventional mixed-integer linear programming-based scheduling approach under identical system configurations. Results show that QQST improves overall exergy efficiency by 8.4% and reduces energy quality mismatch by 18.2%, as measured by an exergy-based index. Sensitivity analysis under varying load conditions further confirms the robustness of the approach. These findings demonstrate that the QQST framework provides a structured and effective methodology for enhancing multi-dimensional coordination in complex energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 193715990
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Joint Command and Control Versus Integrated Energy Systems: A Comparative Analysis Based on a Quantity–Quality–Spatiotemporal Model.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Wenguo%22">Liu, Wenguo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Yiyu%22">Liu, Yiyu</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhong%2C+Wei%22">Zhong, Wei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Feng%2C+Yanhao%22">Feng, Yanhao</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Liteng%22">Wang, Liteng</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qiu%2C+Tianyue%22">Qiu, Tianyue</searchLink><relatesTo>3,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Yanling%22">Wu, Yanling</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tian%2C+Xingtao%22">Tian, Xingtao</searchLink><relatesTo>2,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+Xueru%22">Lin, Xueru</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Jiaze%22">Li, Jiaze</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p2094. 26p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Exergy%22">Exergy</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hybrid+power+systems%22">Hybrid power systems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+consumption%22">Energy consumption</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: As modern energy systems become increasingly complex and multi-source integrated, efficient coordination between diverse energy carriers and dynamic demand is essential. This study identifies a structural parallel between integrated energy system (IES) scheduling and the weapon-target assignment (WTA) problem in joint command and control, and proposes a quantity–quality–spatiotemporal (QQST) framework to model multi-dimensional supply–demand matching. The QQST framework formulates scheduling as a coupled optimization problem integrating quantity balance, energy quality (exergy), spatial distribution, and temporal dynamics. A real-world industrial IES case, involving 60 textile enterprises and a 62 km steam network, is used for validation. The proposed model is benchmarked against a conventional mixed-integer linear programming-based scheduling approach under identical system configurations. Results show that QQST improves overall exergy efficiency by 8.4% and reduces energy quality mismatch by 18.2%, as measured by an exergy-based index. Sensitivity analysis under varying load conditions further confirms the robustness of the approach. These findings demonstrate that the QQST framework provides a structured and effective methodology for enhancing multi-dimensional coordination in complex energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=193715990
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        Value: 10.3390/en19092094
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 26
        StartPage: 2094
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      – SubjectFull: Exergy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hybrid power systems
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      – SubjectFull: Energy consumption
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      – TitleFull: Joint Command and Control Versus Integrated Energy Systems: A Comparative Analysis Based on a Quantity–Quality–Spatiotemporal Model.
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            NameFull: Liu, Wenguo
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            NameFull: Wang, Liteng
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            NameFull: Tian, Xingtao
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            NameFull: Lin, Xueru
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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