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Numerical Study of a Swirled-Type Injector for Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engines.

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Title: Numerical Study of a Swirled-Type Injector for Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engines.
Authors: Ramognino, Federico1 (AUTHOR) federico.ramognino@polimi.it, Sforza, Lorenzo1,2 (AUTHOR), Lucchini, Tommaso1 (AUTHOR), Onorati, Angelo1,2 (AUTHOR), Oijen, Jeroen van2 (AUTHOR), Diepstraten, Nick2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p2101. 24p.
Subject Terms: *Hydrogen as fuel, *Jets (Fluid dynamics), *Internal combustion engines, *Flow simulations, *Fluid dynamics, *Shock waves
Abstract: The use of hydrogen direct injection (DI) plays a crucial role in decarbonizing internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. However, a suitable characterization of the injection process is required to control the mixture preparation before combustion, especially in the case of late injection timing. CFD modeling represents a useful tool to support experiments in addressing this goal. This study presents a numerical investigation of hydrogen DI using a swirled-type injector, seated in a constant-volume vessel. First, the selected numerical setup is validated against optical measurements of the jet penetration, demonstrating the reliability of the approach. Then, the analysis compares swirling and non-swirling configurations under different nozzle pressure ratios (nPRs) to evaluate the interaction between swirl-induced mixing and under-expanded jet structures. Results show that at lower nPR, swirl significantly alters the momentum distribution, reducing axial penetration. Instead, at higher nPR, where the H2 jets exhibit strong shock structures, the effects of swirl become negligible, with penetration and plume morphology nearly identical to non-swirling conditions. Analysis of the scalar dissipation rate showed the presence of a redistribution of mixing characteristics at low nPR due to swirl, while shock structures dominate at high nPR. This could have a significant impact on combustion and NOx emissions in ICE operated with late injection strategies, where lower nPR are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 193715997
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Numerical Study of a Swirled-Type Injector for Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engines.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramognino%2C+Federico%22">Ramognino, Federico</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> federico.ramognino@polimi.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sforza%2C+Lorenzo%22">Sforza, Lorenzo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lucchini%2C+Tommaso%22">Lucchini, Tommaso</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Onorati%2C+Angelo%22">Onorati, Angelo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Oijen%2C+Jeroen+van%22">Oijen, Jeroen van</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Diepstraten%2C+Nick%22">Diepstraten, Nick</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p2101. 24p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen+as+fuel%22">Hydrogen as fuel</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Jets+%28Fluid+dynamics%29%22">Jets (Fluid dynamics)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Internal+combustion+engines%22">Internal combustion engines</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+simulations%22">Flow simulations</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluid+dynamics%22">Fluid dynamics</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shock+waves%22">Shock waves</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The use of hydrogen direct injection (DI) plays a crucial role in decarbonizing internal combustion engine (ICE) technology. However, a suitable characterization of the injection process is required to control the mixture preparation before combustion, especially in the case of late injection timing. CFD modeling represents a useful tool to support experiments in addressing this goal. This study presents a numerical investigation of hydrogen DI using a swirled-type injector, seated in a constant-volume vessel. First, the selected numerical setup is validated against optical measurements of the jet penetration, demonstrating the reliability of the approach. Then, the analysis compares swirling and non-swirling configurations under different nozzle pressure ratios (nPRs) to evaluate the interaction between swirl-induced mixing and under-expanded jet structures. Results show that at lower nPR, swirl significantly alters the momentum distribution, reducing axial penetration. Instead, at higher nPR, where the H2 jets exhibit strong shock structures, the effects of swirl become negligible, with penetration and plume morphology nearly identical to non-swirling conditions. Analysis of the scalar dissipation rate showed the presence of a redistribution of mixing characteristics at low nPR due to swirl, while shock structures dominate at high nPR. This could have a significant impact on combustion and NOx emissions in ICE operated with late injection strategies, where lower nPR are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19092101
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 2101
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Hydrogen as fuel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Jets (Fluid dynamics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Internal combustion engines
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flow simulations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluid dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shock waves
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Numerical Study of a Swirled-Type Injector for Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engines.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Ramognino, Federico
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            NameFull: Sforza, Lorenzo
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            NameFull: Lucchini, Tommaso
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            NameFull: Onorati, Angelo
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            NameFull: Oijen, Jeroen van
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            NameFull: Diepstraten, Nick
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 9
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
              Type: main
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