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Energy Optimization in Fuel Depots: A System-of-Systems Review of Cyber–Physical–Human–Institutional Integration.

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Title: Energy Optimization in Fuel Depots: A System-of-Systems Review of Cyber–Physical–Human–Institutional Integration.
Authors: Onwong'a, David1 (AUTHOR) onwongadavid@gmail.com, Kabeyi, Moses Barasa2 (AUTHOR), Njoroge, Kenneth1,3 (AUTHOR), Olanrewaju, Oludolapo1,2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p2237. 36p.
Subject Terms: *Predictive control systems, *System integration, *Energy storage, *Energy consumption, *Cyber physical systems
Abstract: The global network of pipelines constitutes a strategic backbone for the world economy, enabling safe and efficient transportation of energy products. These pipelines serve distinct functions in the energy supply chain: gas pipelines support emerging cleaner energy carriers; multi-product pipelines provide versatility in transporting refined liquid fuels; and oil pipelines remain dominant for crude oil delivery. Energy management across the pipeline value chain emphasizes efficiency optimization, cost reduction, and sustainability through real-time monitoring, data analytics, integrated systems, and technological innovations spanning operations, maintenance, and emission control. Despite their critical role, petroleum depots remain relatively understudied, particularly in developing and Sub-Saharan African contexts. This review synthesizes insights from over 100 studies on energy-efficient pumping, predictive control, digitalization, and socio-technical energy management in depots. Analysis of these studies highlights recurring operational and infrastructural issues that constrain energy efficiency in depots. The challenges include irregular truck-loading schedules, frequent pump cycling, aging equipment, power-supply instability, manual operator interventions, and policy-driven constraints. The reviewed studies demonstrate that anticipatory, multi-layer control strategies integrating short-horizon flow forecasting, hybrid model predictive control, and cyber–physical–human–institutional system representations outperform reactive approaches in mitigating energy losses and operational variability. Site-specific calibration and phased deployment emerge as pragmatic pathways for implementing advanced energy optimization under the constrained conditions typical of real-world petroleum depots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 193716133
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Energy Optimization in Fuel Depots: A System-of-Systems Review of Cyber–Physical–Human–Institutional Integration.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p2237. 36p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The global network of pipelines constitutes a strategic backbone for the world economy, enabling safe and efficient transportation of energy products. These pipelines serve distinct functions in the energy supply chain: gas pipelines support emerging cleaner energy carriers; multi-product pipelines provide versatility in transporting refined liquid fuels; and oil pipelines remain dominant for crude oil delivery. Energy management across the pipeline value chain emphasizes efficiency optimization, cost reduction, and sustainability through real-time monitoring, data analytics, integrated systems, and technological innovations spanning operations, maintenance, and emission control. Despite their critical role, petroleum depots remain relatively understudied, particularly in developing and Sub-Saharan African contexts. This review synthesizes insights from over 100 studies on energy-efficient pumping, predictive control, digitalization, and socio-technical energy management in depots. Analysis of these studies highlights recurring operational and infrastructural issues that constrain energy efficiency in depots. The challenges include irregular truck-loading schedules, frequent pump cycling, aging equipment, power-supply instability, manual operator interventions, and policy-driven constraints. The reviewed studies demonstrate that anticipatory, multi-layer control strategies integrating short-horizon flow forecasting, hybrid model predictive control, and cyber–physical–human–institutional system representations outperform reactive approaches in mitigating energy losses and operational variability. Site-specific calibration and phased deployment emerge as pragmatic pathways for implementing advanced energy optimization under the constrained conditions typical of real-world petroleum depots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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        Value: 10.3390/en19092237
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 36
        StartPage: 2237
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      – SubjectFull: Predictive control systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: System integration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy storage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy consumption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cyber physical systems
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      – TitleFull: Energy Optimization in Fuel Depots: A System-of-Systems Review of Cyber–Physical–Human–Institutional Integration.
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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