Building a 3D Digital Twin for Geotechnical Monitoring at San Xavier Mine.

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Title: Building a 3D Digital Twin for Geotechnical Monitoring at San Xavier Mine.
Authors: Akbulut, Nilufer K. B.1 (AUTHOR) niluferakbulut@arizona.edu, Anani, Angelina1 (AUTHOR) angelinaanani@arizona.edu, Brown, Leonard D.2 (AUTHOR) ldbrown@arizona.edu, Wellman, Edward C.1 (AUTHOR) ecwellman@arizona.edu, Adewuyi, Sefiu O.1 (AUTHOR) sadewuyi@arizona.edu
Source: Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering. May2026, Vol. 59 Issue 5, p5821-5838. 18p.
Subject Terms: *Digital twin, *Geotechnical engineering, *Mine safety, *Mines & mineral resources, *Data visualization
Abstract: Assessing ground conditions in underground mines during excavation can be difficult and unsafe for mine workers and engineers. A continuous monitoring system for ground conditions with minimum geohazard exposure to workers is needed to ensure rock mass stability in underground mines. A sensor-based geotechnical monitoring framework that deploys a three-dimensional digital twin for underground mines is proposed and developed. The monitoring framework consists of the determination of variables to be monitored, selection of sensors and layout design, installation of instrumentation, collection of data in near real-time, and visualization of data using a 3D digital twin. The proposed framework is implemented at the San Xavier (SX) Underground Mining Laboratory to develop a tool for monitoring ground displacement. The preliminary result shows that the framework is implemented effectively to collect data automatically for a 3D digital twin that updates visualizations in desired frequencies. This framework can be a significant aid for the mining industry to reduce injury and fatality due to ground fall. Highlights: A systematic framework is required for effective geotechnical monitoring in underground mines. A scalable monitoring system can automate data collection and coordinate sensor streams for visual analytics. A digital twin can be implemented to interactively visualize rock mass displacement on a 3D model in near real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Building a 3D Digital Twin for Geotechnical Monitoring at San Xavier Mine.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Akbulut%2C+Nilufer+K%2E+B%2E%22">Akbulut, Nilufer K. B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> niluferakbulut@arizona.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anani%2C+Angelina%22">Anani, Angelina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> angelinaanani@arizona.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brown%2C+Leonard+D%2E%22">Brown, Leonard D.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ldbrown@arizona.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wellman%2C+Edward+C%2E%22">Wellman, Edward C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ecwellman@arizona.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adewuyi%2C+Sefiu+O%2E%22">Adewuyi, Sefiu O.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sadewuyi@arizona.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Rock+Mechanics+%26+Rock+Engineering%22">Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 59 Issue 5, p5821-5838. 18p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Digital+twin%22">Digital twin</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geotechnical+engineering%22">Geotechnical engineering</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mine+safety%22">Mine safety</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mines+%26+mineral+resources%22">Mines & mineral resources</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+visualization%22">Data visualization</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Assessing ground conditions in underground mines during excavation can be difficult and unsafe for mine workers and engineers. A continuous monitoring system for ground conditions with minimum geohazard exposure to workers is needed to ensure rock mass stability in underground mines. A sensor-based geotechnical monitoring framework that deploys a three-dimensional digital twin for underground mines is proposed and developed. The monitoring framework consists of the determination of variables to be monitored, selection of sensors and layout design, installation of instrumentation, collection of data in near real-time, and visualization of data using a 3D digital twin. The proposed framework is implemented at the San Xavier (SX) Underground Mining Laboratory to develop a tool for monitoring ground displacement. The preliminary result shows that the framework is implemented effectively to collect data automatically for a 3D digital twin that updates visualizations in desired frequencies. This framework can be a significant aid for the mining industry to reduce injury and fatality due to ground fall. Highlights: A systematic framework is required for effective geotechnical monitoring in underground mines. A scalable monitoring system can automate data collection and coordinate sensor streams for visual analytics. A digital twin can be implemented to interactively visualize rock mass displacement on a 3D model in near real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s00603-024-04044-9
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 5821
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Digital twin
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Geotechnical engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mine safety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mines & mineral resources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data visualization
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Building a 3D Digital Twin for Geotechnical Monitoring at San Xavier Mine.
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            NameFull: Akbulut, Nilufer K. B.
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            NameFull: Anani, Angelina
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            NameFull: Brown, Leonard D.
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            NameFull: Wellman, Edward C.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Adewuyi, Sefiu O.
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 07232632
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              Value: 59
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              Value: 5
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            – TitleFull: Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering
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