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Stepwise Conformal Prediction for Multi-Step Net Load Forecasting in Microgrids Under Renewable Energy Variability.

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Title: Stepwise Conformal Prediction for Multi-Step Net Load Forecasting in Microgrids Under Renewable Energy Variability.
Authors: Jiang, Yibo1 (AUTHOR), Zhu, Chanxia1,2 (AUTHOR), Zou, Fenghua1,3 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Lei1,2 (AUTHOR), Yu, Xiaomao2,3 (AUTHOR), Pan, Chaoyi3 (AUTHOR), Liao, Siyang2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 10, p2297. 19p.
Subject Terms: *Load forecasting (Electric power systems), *Confidence intervals, *Distributed power generation, *Photovoltaic power systems, *Microgrids, *Energy management, *Forecasting
Abstract: High penetration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems has significantly increased microgrid net load volatility and uncertainty, posing challenges for conventional point forecasting methods that fail to provide sufficient operational risk information. To address this, this study proposes a multi-step net load forecasting framework that explicitly accounts for renewable energy fluctuations and system dynamics. A multi-quantile model generates 90% confidence prediction intervals for 1 and 4 h horizons at 15 min resolution. To mitigate under-coverage caused by cumulative errors, a stepwise conformal calibration strategy is applied to adjust each forecasting step independently, enhancing interval reliability and consistency. Net load volatility scenarios derived from PV ramping intensity are used to analyze uncertainty evolution under low, medium, and high fluctuation conditions. Case studies based on a high-PV microgrid dataset from eastern China demonstrate that calibrated intervals improve coverage, particularly in high-volatility scenarios, and, when integrated into rolling energy management, enhance battery state-of-charge safety margins and reduce peak grid import with minimal additional cost. The approach maintains point forecast accuracy while providing interpretable net load risk bounds, supporting informed scheduling and demand management in high-renewable microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194141412
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Stepwise Conformal Prediction for Multi-Step Net Load Forecasting in Microgrids Under Renewable Energy Variability.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiang%2C+Yibo%22">Jiang, Yibo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Chanxia%22">Zhu, Chanxia</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zou%2C+Fenghua%22">Zou, Fenghua</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Lei%22">Zhang, Lei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Xiaomao%22">Yu, Xiaomao</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pan%2C+Chaoyi%22">Pan, Chaoyi</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liao%2C+Siyang%22">Liao, Siyang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Label: Source
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 10, p2297. 19p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Load+forecasting+%28Electric+power+systems%29%22">Load forecasting (Electric power systems)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Distributed+power+generation%22">Distributed power generation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photovoltaic+power+systems%22">Photovoltaic power systems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microgrids%22">Microgrids</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+management%22">Energy management</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Forecasting%22">Forecasting</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: High penetration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems has significantly increased microgrid net load volatility and uncertainty, posing challenges for conventional point forecasting methods that fail to provide sufficient operational risk information. To address this, this study proposes a multi-step net load forecasting framework that explicitly accounts for renewable energy fluctuations and system dynamics. A multi-quantile model generates 90% confidence prediction intervals for 1 and 4 h horizons at 15 min resolution. To mitigate under-coverage caused by cumulative errors, a stepwise conformal calibration strategy is applied to adjust each forecasting step independently, enhancing interval reliability and consistency. Net load volatility scenarios derived from PV ramping intensity are used to analyze uncertainty evolution under low, medium, and high fluctuation conditions. Case studies based on a high-PV microgrid dataset from eastern China demonstrate that calibrated intervals improve coverage, particularly in high-volatility scenarios, and, when integrated into rolling energy management, enhance battery state-of-charge safety margins and reduce peak grid import with minimal additional cost. The approach maintains point forecast accuracy while providing interpretable net load risk bounds, supporting informed scheduling and demand management in high-renewable microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19102297
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 2297
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Load forecasting (Electric power systems)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Distributed power generation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photovoltaic power systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microgrids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy management
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Forecasting
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Stepwise Conformal Prediction for Multi-Step Net Load Forecasting in Microgrids Under Renewable Energy Variability.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Jiang, Yibo
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          Name:
            NameFull: Zhu, Chanxia
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            NameFull: Zou, Fenghua
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            NameFull: Zhang, Lei
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            NameFull: Yu, Xiaomao
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            NameFull: Pan, Chaoyi
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            NameFull: Liao, Siyang
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            – D: 15
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 10
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
              Type: main
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