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Geochemical Characterization of Saidgai and Katora Lakes for Irrigation, Drinking, and Health Risk Indices, Hindu Kush Region.

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Title: Geochemical Characterization of Saidgai and Katora Lakes for Irrigation, Drinking, and Health Risk Indices, Hindu Kush Region.
Authors: Muhammad, Said1 (AUTHOR) saidmuhammad1@gmail.com, Ahmad, Tufail1 (AUTHOR), Ali, Wajid1 (AUTHOR), Ali Khan, Adnan2 (AUTHOR), Tokatli, Cem3 (AUTHOR), Ahmad, Ashfaq4 (AUTHOR), Iqbal, Zafar5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Water, Air & Soil Pollution. Jul2026, Vol. 237 Issue 14, p1-15. 15p.
Subject Terms: *Drinking water quality, *Health risk assessment, *Irrigation water quality, *Analytical geochemistry, *Heavy metals, *Lakes
Geographic Terms: Pakistan
Abstract: Lakes are among the most vulnerable freshwater ecosystems to contamination due to their closed nature and limited water movement. Despite this vulnerability, these lakes play a critical role in regulating water supply to downstream rivers and associated ecosystems. This study assessed the quality and potential risks of Saidgai and Katora lakes in the Hindu Kush region of Pakistan. Water samples (n = 5–10 replicates) were collected from Saidgai Lake (SGL), Lower Katora Lake (LKL), and Upper Katora Lake (UKL). Physicochemical parameters were measured using a multiparameter analyzer (C6030, Belgium), and concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s (HM) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Most physicochemical parameters were within World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines, except for turbidity and Pb. According to the drinking water quality index (WQI), 90% of water samples were classified as excellent and 10% as good. The irrigation WQI indicated suitability for agricultural use. Health risk indices indicated no significant risk for consumption of these lakes water. The dominant hydrochemical facies was identified as Ca–Mg–Cl-SO₄, followed by Na–K-Cl–SO₄, with rock-water interactions identified as the primary mechanism influencing water chemistry in the region. Future studies incorporating seasonal monitoring, sediment HM speciation, and biological indicators would strengthen the understanding of long-term risks and ecosystem responses in these vulnerable lake systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194357510
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Geochemical Characterization of Saidgai and Katora Lakes for Irrigation, Drinking, and Health Risk Indices, Hindu Kush Region.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Muhammad%2C+Said%22">Muhammad, Said</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> saidmuhammad1@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ahmad%2C+Tufail%22">Ahmad, Tufail</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ali%2C+Wajid%22">Ali, Wajid</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ali+Khan%2C+Adnan%22">Ali Khan, Adnan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tokatli%2C+Cem%22">Tokatli, Cem</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ahmad%2C+Ashfaq%22">Ahmad, Ashfaq</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Iqbal%2C+Zafar%22">Iqbal, Zafar</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Water%2C+Air+%26+Soil+Pollution%22">Water, Air & Soil Pollution</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 237 Issue 14, p1-15. 15p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drinking+water+quality%22">Drinking water quality</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Health+risk+assessment%22">Health risk assessment</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Irrigation+water+quality%22">Irrigation water quality</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Analytical+geochemistry%22">Analytical geochemistry</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heavy+metals%22">Heavy metals</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lakes%22">Lakes</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pakistan%22">Pakistan</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Lakes are among the most vulnerable freshwater ecosystems to contamination due to their closed nature and limited water movement. Despite this vulnerability, these lakes play a critical role in regulating water supply to downstream rivers and associated ecosystems. This study assessed the quality and potential risks of Saidgai and Katora lakes in the Hindu Kush region of Pakistan. Water samples (n = 5–10 replicates) were collected from Saidgai Lake (SGL), Lower Katora Lake (LKL), and Upper Katora Lake (UKL). Physicochemical parameters were measured using a multiparameter analyzer (C6030, Belgium), and concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s (HM) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Most physicochemical parameters were within World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines, except for turbidity and Pb. According to the drinking water quality index (WQI), 90% of water samples were classified as excellent and 10% as good. The irrigation WQI indicated suitability for agricultural use. Health risk indices indicated no significant risk for consumption of these lakes water. The dominant hydrochemical facies was identified as Ca–Mg–Cl-SO₄, followed by Na–K-Cl–SO₄, with rock-water interactions identified as the primary mechanism influencing water chemistry in the region. Future studies incorporating seasonal monitoring, sediment HM speciation, and biological indicators would strengthen the understanding of long-term risks and ecosystem responses in these vulnerable lake systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=194357510
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11270-026-09463-8
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Drinking water quality
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Health risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Irrigation water quality
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Analytical geochemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heavy metals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lakes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pakistan
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Geochemical Characterization of Saidgai and Katora Lakes for Irrigation, Drinking, and Health Risk Indices, Hindu Kush Region.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Muhammad, Said
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            NameFull: Ahmad, Tufail
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            NameFull: Ali, Wajid
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            NameFull: Ali Khan, Adnan
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            NameFull: Tokatli, Cem
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            NameFull: Ahmad, Ashfaq
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            – D: 15
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 00496979
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              Value: 237
            – Type: issue
              Value: 14
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Water, Air & Soil Pollution
              Type: main
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