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Current Trends in Analytical Methods for Determination of Explosives in Water.

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Title: Current Trends in Analytical Methods for Determination of Explosives in Water.
Authors: Pócsová, Tamara1 (AUTHOR) tamara.pocsova@stuba.sk, Hrouzková, Svetlana1 (AUTHOR) svetlana.hrouzkova@stuba.sk
Source: Water, Air & Soil Pollution. Jul2026, Vol. 237 Issue 14, p1-38. 38p.
Subject Terms: *Explosives detection, *Chemical sample preparation, *Solvent extraction, *Nitro compounds, *Environmental monitoring, *Test methods, *Sustainable chemistry, *Water pollution
Abstract: Nitro compounds (NCs) are a class of organic pollutants with significant environmental and health risks, including toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. Despite their limited solubility in water, their widespread use in explosives, dyes, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals has led to persistent contamination of aquatic systems. The detection of NCs in water is challenging due to their low concentrations and the complexity of environmental matrices. This review summarizes current advances in analytical methods for the determination of nitro-based explosives in water, with emphasis on recent developments in sample preparation and extraction techniques. Classical approaches such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) are compared with miniaturized and solvent-saving methods including solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), and single-drop microextraction (SDME). Innovative approaches employing deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and magnetic materials are also highlighted. These greener techniques not only reduce solvent consumption (e.g., SDME using as little as 3 μL of solvent) but also solidification of aqueous drop solid-phase extraction (SADSPE) demonstrate high analytical performance, achieving detection limits in the ng/L to μg/L range. Environmental sustainability has increasingly been quantified using green chemistry metrics such as AGREE, AGREEprep, and AESA, with several techniques scoring above 70%, confirming their alignment with sustainable analytical practices. By integrating a decade of progress, this review identifies research gaps, evaluates method efficiency and scalability, and underscores the importance of greener, high-sensitivity techniques for monitoring explosive residues in water. These trends support both environmental protection and compliance with evolving global regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194357519
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
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  Data: Current Trends in Analytical Methods for Determination of Explosives in Water.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pócsová%2C+Tamara%22">Pócsová, Tamara</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tamara.pocsova@stuba.sk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hrouzková%2C+Svetlana%22">Hrouzková, Svetlana</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> svetlana.hrouzkova@stuba.sk</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Water%2C+Air+%26+Soil+Pollution%22">Water, Air & Soil Pollution</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 237 Issue 14, p1-38. 38p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Explosives+detection%22">Explosives detection</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+sample+preparation%22">Chemical sample preparation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solvent+extraction%22">Solvent extraction</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitro+compounds%22">Nitro compounds</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+monitoring%22">Environmental monitoring</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Test+methods%22">Test methods</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainable+chemistry%22">Sustainable chemistry</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+pollution%22">Water pollution</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Nitro compounds (NCs) are a class of organic pollutants with significant environmental and health risks, including toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. Despite their limited solubility in water, their widespread use in explosives, dyes, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals has led to persistent contamination of aquatic systems. The detection of NCs in water is challenging due to their low concentrations and the complexity of environmental matrices. This review summarizes current advances in analytical methods for the determination of nitro-based explosives in water, with emphasis on recent developments in sample preparation and extraction techniques. Classical approaches such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) are compared with miniaturized and solvent-saving methods including solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), and single-drop microextraction (SDME). Innovative approaches employing deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and magnetic materials are also highlighted. These greener techniques not only reduce solvent consumption (e.g., SDME using as little as 3 μL of solvent) but also solidification of aqueous drop solid-phase extraction (SADSPE) demonstrate high analytical performance, achieving detection limits in the ng/L to μg/L range. Environmental sustainability has increasingly been quantified using green chemistry metrics such as AGREE, AGREEprep, and AESA, with several techniques scoring above 70%, confirming their alignment with sustainable analytical practices. By integrating a decade of progress, this review identifies research gaps, evaluates method efficiency and scalability, and underscores the importance of greener, high-sensitivity techniques for monitoring explosive residues in water. These trends support both environmental protection and compliance with evolving global regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=194357519
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11270-026-09475-4
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 38
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Explosives detection
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical sample preparation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solvent extraction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nitro compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental monitoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Test methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainable chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water pollution
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Current Trends in Analytical Methods for Determination of Explosives in Water.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Pócsová, Tamara
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            NameFull: Hrouzková, Svetlana
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            – D: 15
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 237
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              Value: 14
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            – TitleFull: Water, Air & Soil Pollution
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