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Derivation and validation of estimation model of rainfall kinetic energy under the canopy.

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Title: Derivation and validation of estimation model of rainfall kinetic energy under the canopy.
Authors: Li, Zixi1 (AUTHOR), Tian, Fuqiang1 (AUTHOR) tianfq@tsinghua.edu.cn
Source: Hydrology & Earth System Sciences. 2026, Vol. 30 Issue 10, p3203-3219. 17p.
Subject Terms: *Leaf area index, *Model validation, *Ecosystems, *Raindrop size, *Soil erosion, *Rainfall, *Water conservation
Abstract: Canopy interception alters the kinetic energy of raindrops reaching the ground, which has important implications for soil erosion, water conservation, and ecosystem functioning. A novel estimation model for the kinetic energy of rainfall under the canopy is developed by stratifying the canopy using parameters such as leaf area index and leaf inclination angle, explicitly distinguishing between canopy-dripped and splashed raindrops. The efficacy of the model is subsequently assessed and analyzed through a comprehensive examination of nine field datasets encompassing LiDAR and raindrop spectrum observations. The simulated under-canopy total kinetic energy, splashing drop kinetic energy, and dripping drop kinetic energy showed total R2 values of 0.769, 0.572 and 0.773, total RMSE values of 18.7, 2.0 and 18.7 Jm-2h-1 , with measurement including uncertainty of 54.1 ± 12.4 , 3.7 ± 0.1 and 50.4 ± 12.4 Jm-2h-1 , respectively. Simulations indicate that the under-canopy raindrop spectrum and kinetic energy are primarily controlled by canopy structure and vary less than above-canopy rainfall properties across the observed events. Sensitivity analysis shows that the model is generally robust, with rainfall intensity, the pinning proportion coefficient, LAI and surface contact angle exerting the greatest influence, while other factors have limited impact. Remaining limitations, including simplified branch-drip representation, component-partitioning assumptions and measurement uncertainties, highlight the need for improved parameterization and broader observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194401728
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Derivation and validation of estimation model of rainfall kinetic energy under the canopy.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Zixi%22">Li, Zixi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tian%2C+Fuqiang%22">Tian, Fuqiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tianfq@tsinghua.edu.cn</i>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Hydrology+%26+Earth+System+Sciences%22">Hydrology & Earth System Sciences</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 30 Issue 10, p3203-3219. 17p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Leaf+area+index%22">Leaf area index</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Model+validation%22">Model validation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ecosystems%22">Ecosystems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Raindrop+size%22">Raindrop size</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+erosion%22">Soil erosion</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rainfall%22">Rainfall</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+conservation%22">Water conservation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Canopy interception alters the kinetic energy of raindrops reaching the ground, which has important implications for soil erosion, water conservation, and ecosystem functioning. A novel estimation model for the kinetic energy of rainfall under the canopy is developed by stratifying the canopy using parameters such as leaf area index and leaf inclination angle, explicitly distinguishing between canopy-dripped and splashed raindrops. The efficacy of the model is subsequently assessed and analyzed through a comprehensive examination of nine field datasets encompassing LiDAR and raindrop spectrum observations. The simulated under-canopy total kinetic energy, splashing drop kinetic energy, and dripping drop kinetic energy showed total R2 values of 0.769, 0.572 and 0.773, total RMSE values of 18.7, 2.0 and 18.7 Jm-2h-1 , with measurement including uncertainty of 54.1 ± 12.4 , 3.7 ± 0.1 and 50.4 ± 12.4 Jm-2h-1 , respectively. Simulations indicate that the under-canopy raindrop spectrum and kinetic energy are primarily controlled by canopy structure and vary less than above-canopy rainfall properties across the observed events. Sensitivity analysis shows that the model is generally robust, with rainfall intensity, the pinning proportion coefficient, LAI and surface contact angle exerting the greatest influence, while other factors have limited impact. Remaining limitations, including simplified branch-drip representation, component-partitioning assumptions and measurement uncertainties, highlight the need for improved parameterization and broader observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=194401728
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.5194/hess-30-3203-2026
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 3203
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Leaf area index
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Model validation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ecosystems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Raindrop size
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil erosion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rainfall
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water conservation
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Derivation and validation of estimation model of rainfall kinetic energy under the canopy.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Li, Zixi
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Tian, Fuqiang
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 05
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 10275606
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 30
            – Type: issue
              Value: 10
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Hydrology & Earth System Sciences
              Type: main
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