Bi-Level Optimization and Economic Analysis of PV-Storage Systems in Industrial Parks.
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| Title: | Bi-Level Optimization and Economic Analysis of PV-Storage Systems in Industrial Parks. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Chu, Shilong1 (AUTHOR), Kong, Deyang1 (AUTHOR), Lu, Shuai1 (AUTHOR) shuai.lu@huamod.com |
| Source: | Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2504. 20p. |
| Subject Terms: | *Bilevel programming, *Photovoltaic power systems, *Energy management, *Time-based pricing, *Economic impact analysis, *Industrial districts |
| Abstract: | With the large-scale deployment of distributed photovoltaics (PVs) on the user side, integrated PV-storage systems have become a critical means to reduce electricity costs and enhance energy flexibility. However, the volatility of PV output and the dynamic nature of time-of-use (TOU) pricing render the economic viability of such systems highly dependent on the coordinated optimization of capacity configuration and operational strategies. To address this, a bi-level optimization model is developed. The upper level maximizes the equivalent annual economic benefit by determining the installed capacities of PV and storage, explicitly incorporating power-sensitive operation and maintenance costs. The lower level, formulated as a mixed-integer programming problem, minimizes the daily net electricity cost by optimizing charging/discharging schedules and grid interaction. The model is solved through an iterative hierarchical approach combining the chaotic sparrow search algorithm (CSSA) and the CPLEX solver. A case study using actual data from an industrial park demonstrates that, compared with scenarios without PV-storage and with PV only, the joint PV-storage configuration reduces total electricity costs by 17.3% and 4.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the asymmetric impacts of PV forecast errors on operational economics are quantitatively analyzed: when PV output is underestimated, the failure to pre-reserve accommodation capacity leads to an increase in electricity procurement costs of RMB 1927.84 compared with the ideal scenario. To mitigate this, a risk-aware fault-tolerant scheduling strategy is proposed, which reserves a 5% accommodation margin through conservative biasing, reducing the additional cost caused by forecast errors by 20.14% and significantly enhancing the system's economic robustness under forecast uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Database: | Energy & Power Source |
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| Header | DbId: enr DbLabel: Energy & Power Source An: 194587892 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Bi-Level Optimization and Economic Analysis of PV-Storage Systems in Industrial Parks. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chu%2C+Shilong%22">Chu, Shilong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kong%2C+Deyang%22">Kong, Deyang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lu%2C+Shuai%22">Lu, Shuai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> shuai.lu@huamod.com</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2504. 20p. – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bilevel+programming%22">Bilevel programming</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photovoltaic+power+systems%22">Photovoltaic power systems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+management%22">Energy management</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time-based+pricing%22">Time-based pricing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Economic+impact+analysis%22">Economic impact analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+districts%22">Industrial districts</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: With the large-scale deployment of distributed photovoltaics (PVs) on the user side, integrated PV-storage systems have become a critical means to reduce electricity costs and enhance energy flexibility. However, the volatility of PV output and the dynamic nature of time-of-use (TOU) pricing render the economic viability of such systems highly dependent on the coordinated optimization of capacity configuration and operational strategies. To address this, a bi-level optimization model is developed. The upper level maximizes the equivalent annual economic benefit by determining the installed capacities of PV and storage, explicitly incorporating power-sensitive operation and maintenance costs. The lower level, formulated as a mixed-integer programming problem, minimizes the daily net electricity cost by optimizing charging/discharging schedules and grid interaction. The model is solved through an iterative hierarchical approach combining the chaotic sparrow search algorithm (CSSA) and the CPLEX solver. A case study using actual data from an industrial park demonstrates that, compared with scenarios without PV-storage and with PV only, the joint PV-storage configuration reduces total electricity costs by 17.3% and 4.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the asymmetric impacts of PV forecast errors on operational economics are quantitatively analyzed: when PV output is underestimated, the failure to pre-reserve accommodation capacity leads to an increase in electricity procurement costs of RMB 1927.84 compared with the ideal scenario. To mitigate this, a risk-aware fault-tolerant scheduling strategy is proposed, which reserves a 5% accommodation margin through conservative biasing, reducing the additional cost caused by forecast errors by 20.14% and significantly enhancing the system's economic robustness under forecast uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=194587892 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/en19112504 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 20 StartPage: 2504 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Bilevel programming Type: general – SubjectFull: Photovoltaic power systems Type: general – SubjectFull: Energy management Type: general – SubjectFull: Time-based pricing Type: general – SubjectFull: Economic impact analysis Type: general – SubjectFull: Industrial districts Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Bi-Level Optimization and Economic Analysis of PV-Storage Systems in Industrial Parks. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Chu, Shilong – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kong, Deyang – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Lu, Shuai IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 06 Text: Jun2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 19961073 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 19 – Type: issue Value: 11 Titles: – TitleFull: Energies (19961073) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
