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Heat Transfer Assessment During Droplet Impact Using CFD.

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Title: Heat Transfer Assessment During Droplet Impact Using CFD.
Authors: Shankar, Suraj1 (AUTHOR) suraj.shankar@ltu.se, Ljung, Anna-Lena1 (AUTHOR), Lundström, T. Staffan1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2539. 21p.
Subject Terms: *Computational fluid dynamics, *Heat transfer, *Impact (Mechanics), *Thermal diffusivity, *Fluid dynamics, *Spray cooling, *Thermal hydraulics
Abstract: This study investigates the transient thermo-hydrodynamic behaviour of millimetric water droplets impacting heated solid substrates under subcooled conditions. The effects of wall temperature, wall material, and impact velocity on droplet spreading, heat transfer, and cooling performance are examined using high-resolution CFD simulations, validated against in-house experimental measurements of transient temperature evolution. The results show that droplet spreading is highly affected by impact inertia, with higher velocities producing faster radial expansion and larger maximum spreading. In contrast, the thermal response is strongly influenced by substrate properties. Steel exhibits steeper temperature gradients and stronger localized cooling within the substrate, while aluminium, owing to its higher thermal diffusivity and effusivity, sustains higher total heat-transfer rates at the wall–liquid interface. Increasing wall temperature significantly enhances the absolute heat-transfer rate due to the larger thermal driving potential, although normalized temperature profiles indicate reduced relative cooling. The analysis highlights the distinct roles of hydrodynamic and thermal mechanisms: impact velocity governs the lateral distribution of cooling, whereas substrate properties control the depth-wise thermal response. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of droplet-induced cooling from a substrate perspective and offer insights for optimizing material selection and operating conditions in spray cooling, surface quenching, and high-heat-flux thermal management applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194587927
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Heat Transfer Assessment During Droplet Impact Using CFD.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2539. 21p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study investigates the transient thermo-hydrodynamic behaviour of millimetric water droplets impacting heated solid substrates under subcooled conditions. The effects of wall temperature, wall material, and impact velocity on droplet spreading, heat transfer, and cooling performance are examined using high-resolution CFD simulations, validated against in-house experimental measurements of transient temperature evolution. The results show that droplet spreading is highly affected by impact inertia, with higher velocities producing faster radial expansion and larger maximum spreading. In contrast, the thermal response is strongly influenced by substrate properties. Steel exhibits steeper temperature gradients and stronger localized cooling within the substrate, while aluminium, owing to its higher thermal diffusivity and effusivity, sustains higher total heat-transfer rates at the wall–liquid interface. Increasing wall temperature significantly enhances the absolute heat-transfer rate due to the larger thermal driving potential, although normalized temperature profiles indicate reduced relative cooling. The analysis highlights the distinct roles of hydrodynamic and thermal mechanisms: impact velocity governs the lateral distribution of cooling, whereas substrate properties control the depth-wise thermal response. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of droplet-induced cooling from a substrate perspective and offer insights for optimizing material selection and operating conditions in spray cooling, surface quenching, and high-heat-flux thermal management applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=194587927
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19112539
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 2539
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Computational fluid dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Impact (Mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal diffusivity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluid dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spray cooling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal hydraulics
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Heat Transfer Assessment During Droplet Impact Using CFD.
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            NameFull: Shankar, Suraj
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            NameFull: Ljung, Anna-Lena
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            NameFull: Lundström, T. Staffan
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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