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Visualization Study on Flow Pattern Evolution and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Two-Phase Loop Thermosyphon Under High Heat Flux with Various Filling Ratios.

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Title: Visualization Study on Flow Pattern Evolution and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Two-Phase Loop Thermosyphon Under High Heat Flux with Various Filling Ratios.
Authors: Yin, Chenxian1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Kuiming1 (AUTHOR), Zhou, Jiapeng1 (AUTHOR) zjp@mail.dlut.edu.cn, Tang, Dawei1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2674. 32p.
Subject Terms: *Heat flux, *Two-phase flow, *Bubble dynamics, *Thermosyphons, *Heat transfer, *Ebullition
Abstract: To investigate the flow pattern evolution and phase-change characteristics of a two-phase loop thermosyphon under high heat flux conditions with different filling ratios, a visual experimental study was conducted. The filling ratio ranged from 36.8% to 92.3%, with a maximum heat flux of 240 W/cm2. The results indicate that at a filling ratio of 81.6%, bubbly flow is observed under low heat flux (30–60 W/cm2), with a bubble detachment size of approximately 2 mm. When the heat flux increases to 90–180 W/cm2, intermittent boiling occurs, and the flow pattern cycle shifts from bubbly flow to single-phase flow and back to bubbly flow, with the period shortening from 5.92 s to 4.92 s. At heat fluxes ≥ 200 W/cm2, intermittent boiling disappears, transitioning to stable high-velocity subcooled flow boiling, and the detachment size decreases from 1951 μm to 762 μm. At a filling ratio of 65.3%, bubbly and slug flow are observed under low heat flux (30–120 W/cm2). Intermittent boiling appears at heat fluxes ≥ 150 W/cm2, characterized by a cycle of "churn flow–bubbly flow–single-phase flow–bubbly flow–churn flow". This intermittent boiling persists under high heat flux (200–220 W/cm2) without transitioning to stable flow boiling. At a filling ratio of 36.8%, large-scale slug bubbles (maximum 37 cm) form under 30–60 W/cm2, transitioning to churn flow at 90–120 W/cm2. Instantaneous dryout occurs at 150 W/cm2, followed by complete dryout at 180 W/cm2. The visualization results reveal the critical heat flux for flow pattern transitions and the periodic characteristics of intermittent boiling under different filling ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194588062
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Visualization Study on Flow Pattern Evolution and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Two-Phase Loop Thermosyphon Under High Heat Flux with Various Filling Ratios.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yin%2C+Chenxian%22">Yin, Chenxian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Kuiming%22">Wang, Kuiming</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Jiapeng%22">Zhou, Jiapeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zjp@mail.dlut.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tang%2C+Dawei%22">Tang, Dawei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Label: Source
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2674. 32p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+flux%22">Heat flux</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Two-phase+flow%22">Two-phase flow</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bubble+dynamics%22">Bubble dynamics</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermosyphons%22">Thermosyphons</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+transfer%22">Heat transfer</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ebullition%22">Ebullition</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: To investigate the flow pattern evolution and phase-change characteristics of a two-phase loop thermosyphon under high heat flux conditions with different filling ratios, a visual experimental study was conducted. The filling ratio ranged from 36.8% to 92.3%, with a maximum heat flux of 240 W/cm2. The results indicate that at a filling ratio of 81.6%, bubbly flow is observed under low heat flux (30–60 W/cm2), with a bubble detachment size of approximately 2 mm. When the heat flux increases to 90–180 W/cm2, intermittent boiling occurs, and the flow pattern cycle shifts from bubbly flow to single-phase flow and back to bubbly flow, with the period shortening from 5.92 s to 4.92 s. At heat fluxes ≥ 200 W/cm2, intermittent boiling disappears, transitioning to stable high-velocity subcooled flow boiling, and the detachment size decreases from 1951 μm to 762 μm. At a filling ratio of 65.3%, bubbly and slug flow are observed under low heat flux (30–120 W/cm2). Intermittent boiling appears at heat fluxes ≥ 150 W/cm2, characterized by a cycle of "churn flow–bubbly flow–single-phase flow–bubbly flow–churn flow". This intermittent boiling persists under high heat flux (200–220 W/cm2) without transitioning to stable flow boiling. At a filling ratio of 36.8%, large-scale slug bubbles (maximum 37 cm) form under 30–60 W/cm2, transitioning to churn flow at 90–120 W/cm2. Instantaneous dryout occurs at 150 W/cm2, followed by complete dryout at 180 W/cm2. The visualization results reveal the critical heat flux for flow pattern transitions and the periodic characteristics of intermittent boiling under different filling ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19112674
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 32
        StartPage: 2674
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Heat flux
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Two-phase flow
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bubble dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermosyphons
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ebullition
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Visualization Study on Flow Pattern Evolution and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Two-Phase Loop Thermosyphon Under High Heat Flux with Various Filling Ratios.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yin, Chenxian
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          Name:
            NameFull: Wang, Kuiming
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhou, Jiapeng
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Tang, Dawei
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 11
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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