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Probabilistic Capacity Function–Based Framework for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Liquefiable Embankments with Ground Improvement.

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Title: Probabilistic Capacity Function–Based Framework for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Liquefiable Embankments with Ground Improvement.
Authors: Yu, Xiaoxuan1 (AUTHOR) yuxiaoxuan@tju.edu.cn, Hou, Yao1 (AUTHOR) houyao@tju.edu.cn, Tan, Jialong2 (AUTHOR) tanjl2017@163.com, Zhou, Haizuo3 (AUTHOR) hzzhou@tju.edu.cn, Wei, Houliu1 (AUTHOR) 2023205268@tju.edu.cn
Source: International Journal of Geomechanics. Aug2026, Vol. 26 Issue 8, p1-13. 13p.
Subject Terms: *Embankments, *Soil stabilization, *Geotechnical engineering, *Risk assessment, *Earthquake hazard analysis, *Nonlinear analysis
Abstract: This paper introduces a probabilistic framework for evaluating the seismic resilience of embankments on liquefiable soils, addressing key limitations of conventional empirical approaches that tend to underestimate failure risks. The proposed methodology combines nonlinear dynamic analysis using FLAC2D (version 8.0) with the point estimate method to systematically account for the variability of soil parameters treated as random variables. In contrast to traditional fragility-based approaches, the proposed framework enables a more comprehensive risk assessment by jointly quantifying the seismic fragility, vulnerability, and postearthquake restoration potential. The embankment capacity is characterized based on settlement thresholds, and uncertainty is propagated through a suite of ground motion simulations. Both reinforced and unreinforced embankment systems were investigated by comparing their performance in terms of variability reduction, response stability, and seismic resilience. The effectiveness of different mitigation strategies, including deep mixing, steel sheet piles (SPs), and stone columns, in improving seismic resilience was assessed. The results indicate that steel SP reinforcement leads to the smallest variability in limit state capacities while achieving the most stable performance, which in turn contributes to enhanced seismic resilience. The proposed framework provides a robust foundation for selecting and optimizing liquefaction countermeasures in performance-based seismic design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194606755
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Probabilistic Capacity Function–Based Framework for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Liquefiable Embankments with Ground Improvement.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Xiaoxuan%22">Yu, Xiaoxuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yuxiaoxuan@tju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hou%2C+Yao%22">Hou, Yao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> houyao@tju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tan%2C+Jialong%22">Tan, Jialong</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tanjl2017@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Haizuo%22">Zhou, Haizuo</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hzzhou@tju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wei%2C+Houliu%22">Wei, Houliu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 2023205268@tju.edu.cn</i>
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  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Geomechanics%22">International Journal of Geomechanics</searchLink>. Aug2026, Vol. 26 Issue 8, p1-13. 13p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Embankments%22">Embankments</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+stabilization%22">Soil stabilization</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geotechnical+engineering%22">Geotechnical engineering</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Risk+assessment%22">Risk assessment</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Earthquake+hazard+analysis%22">Earthquake hazard analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nonlinear+analysis%22">Nonlinear analysis</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper introduces a probabilistic framework for evaluating the seismic resilience of embankments on liquefiable soils, addressing key limitations of conventional empirical approaches that tend to underestimate failure risks. The proposed methodology combines nonlinear dynamic analysis using FLAC2D (version 8.0) with the point estimate method to systematically account for the variability of soil parameters treated as random variables. In contrast to traditional fragility-based approaches, the proposed framework enables a more comprehensive risk assessment by jointly quantifying the seismic fragility, vulnerability, and postearthquake restoration potential. The embankment capacity is characterized based on settlement thresholds, and uncertainty is propagated through a suite of ground motion simulations. Both reinforced and unreinforced embankment systems were investigated by comparing their performance in terms of variability reduction, response stability, and seismic resilience. The effectiveness of different mitigation strategies, including deep mixing, steel sheet piles (SPs), and stone columns, in improving seismic resilience was assessed. The results indicate that steel SP reinforcement leads to the smallest variability in limit state capacities while achieving the most stable performance, which in turn contributes to enhanced seismic resilience. The proposed framework provides a robust foundation for selecting and optimizing liquefaction countermeasures in performance-based seismic design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-12960
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Embankments
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil stabilization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Geotechnical engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Earthquake hazard analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nonlinear analysis
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Probabilistic Capacity Function–Based Framework for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Liquefiable Embankments with Ground Improvement.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yu, Xiaoxuan
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Hou, Yao
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Tan, Jialong
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhou, Haizuo
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wei, Houliu
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 15323641
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              Value: 26
            – Type: issue
              Value: 8
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: International Journal of Geomechanics
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