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Comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality: heavy metals, speciation, and human health risks in an industrial region of West Bengal, India.

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Title: Comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality: heavy metals, speciation, and human health risks in an industrial region of West Bengal, India.
Authors: Mondal, Gourav1 (AUTHOR) gouravmondal.241992@gmail.com, Basu, Riddhi1 (AUTHOR) basuriddhi099@gmail.com, Kumar, Sumit1 (AUTHOR) Sumit29sep@gmail.com, Chakraborty, Shreya1 (AUTHOR) shreyadona94@gmail.com, Barman, Ambika1 (AUTHOR) ambikabarman864@gmail.com, Charan, Kasturi1 (AUTHOR) kasturicharan13@gmail.com, Mandal, Jajati2 (AUTHOR) J.Mandal2@salford.ac.uk, Bhattacharyya, Pradip1 (AUTHOR) pradip.bhattacharyya@gmail.com
Source: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. Jun2026, Vol. 198 Issue 6, p1-20. 20p.
Subject Terms: *Heavy metals, *Chemical speciation, *Environmental monitoring, *Water quality, *Industrial pollution, *Water pollution, *Public health
Geographic Terms: West Bengal (India), India
Abstract: This study evaluates the hydrogeochemical characteristics, heavy metal (HM) contamination, irrigation suitability, and associated human health risks of surface water in an industrial area affected by dye-manufacturing activities in West Bengal, India. A total of 30 surface water collected in triplicate were analysed. Major ions were determined using standard American Public Health Association (APHA) methods, HMs were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and aqueous speciation was modelled using Visual MINTEQ. The water was slightly alkaline, with pH values ranging from 7.18 to 8.92 (mean 7.79±0.41). Extremely high salinity was observed, as electrical conductivity ranged from 2500 to 21,000 μS cm⁻¹ (mean 11,300±4272 μS/cm), while total dissolved solids varied between 1500 and 12,600 mg/L (mean 6780 ± 2563 mg/L), exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. Major cations followed the order Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺, whereas dominant anions were HCO3⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO42⁻, reflecting combined geogenic and anthropogenic influences. Mean concentrations of heavy metals were elevated, with values of Cr (0.97 mg/L), Pb (0.23 mg/L), Ni (0.19 mg/L), Cu (0.06 mg/L), and Cd (0.004 mg/L). Except for Cu, all metals exceeded WHO permissible limits, indicating substantial contamination. Pollution indices (Pi) confirmed severe degradation, with Pi > 1 for Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd. High average values of Cd (48.89), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), 53.65, and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), 338.73, indicated high to extreme pollution, while Water Pollution Index (WPI) values (1.51–5.27) classified all samples as severely polluted. Speciation modelling showed Cd predominantly occurred as Cd2+ (52.35%) and CdCl+ (32.10%), suggesting high mobility. Lead (Pb) was predominantly present as PbCO3(aq) (39.47%) and PbHCO3+ (31.31%), Ni largely as Ni2+ (63.15%), and Cr(VI) mainly as CrO42⁻. Copper was largely present as CuCO3(aq) (67.94%). Irrigation indices indicated suitability, although overall water quality remained poor. Human health risk assessment identified Pb and Cr as posing non-carcinogenic risks, while Cr presenting the highest carcinogenic risk, particularly for children (CR > 1 × 10⁻4). Overall, the findings highlight severe surface water degradation and underscore the urgent need for remediation measures and stricter regulatory intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194723286
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality: heavy metals, speciation, and human health risks in an industrial region of West Bengal, India.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mondal%2C+Gourav%22">Mondal, Gourav</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> gouravmondal.241992@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Basu%2C+Riddhi%22">Basu, Riddhi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> basuriddhi099@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kumar%2C+Sumit%22">Kumar, Sumit</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> Sumit29sep@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chakraborty%2C+Shreya%22">Chakraborty, Shreya</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> shreyadona94@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barman%2C+Ambika%22">Barman, Ambika</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ambikabarman864@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Charan%2C+Kasturi%22">Charan, Kasturi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> kasturicharan13@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mandal%2C+Jajati%22">Mandal, Jajati</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> J.Mandal2@salford.ac.uk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bhattacharyya%2C+Pradip%22">Bhattacharyya, Pradip</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> pradip.bhattacharyya@gmail.com</i>
– Name: TitleSource
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Monitoring+%26+Assessment%22">Environmental Monitoring & Assessment</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 198 Issue 6, p1-20. 20p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heavy+metals%22">Heavy metals</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+speciation%22">Chemical speciation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+monitoring%22">Environmental monitoring</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+quality%22">Water quality</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+pollution%22">Industrial pollution</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+pollution%22">Water pollution</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Public+health%22">Public health</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22West+Bengal+%28India%29%22">West Bengal (India)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22India%22">India</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study evaluates the hydrogeochemical characteristics, heavy metal (HM) contamination, irrigation suitability, and associated human health risks of surface water in an industrial area affected by dye-manufacturing activities in West Bengal, India. A total of 30 surface water collected in triplicate were analysed. Major ions were determined using standard American Public Health Association (APHA) methods, HMs were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and aqueous speciation was modelled using Visual MINTEQ. The water was slightly alkaline, with pH values ranging from 7.18 to 8.92 (mean 7.79±0.41). Extremely high salinity was observed, as electrical conductivity ranged from 2500 to 21,000 μS cm⁻¹ (mean 11,300±4272 μS/cm), while total dissolved solids varied between 1500 and 12,600 mg/L (mean 6780 ± 2563 mg/L), exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. Major cations followed the order Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺, whereas dominant anions were HCO3⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO42⁻, reflecting combined geogenic and anthropogenic influences. Mean concentrations of heavy metals were elevated, with values of Cr (0.97 mg/L), Pb (0.23 mg/L), Ni (0.19 mg/L), Cu (0.06 mg/L), and Cd (0.004 mg/L). Except for Cu, all metals exceeded WHO permissible limits, indicating substantial contamination. Pollution indices (Pi) confirmed severe degradation, with Pi > 1 for Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd. High average values of Cd (48.89), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), 53.65, and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), 338.73, indicated high to extreme pollution, while Water Pollution Index (WPI) values (1.51–5.27) classified all samples as severely polluted. Speciation modelling showed Cd predominantly occurred as Cd2+ (52.35%) and CdCl+ (32.10%), suggesting high mobility. Lead (Pb) was predominantly present as PbCO3(aq) (39.47%) and PbHCO3+ (31.31%), Ni largely as Ni2+ (63.15%), and Cr(VI) mainly as CrO42⁻. Copper was largely present as CuCO3(aq) (67.94%). Irrigation indices indicated suitability, although overall water quality remained poor. Human health risk assessment identified Pb and Cr as posing non-carcinogenic risks, while Cr presenting the highest carcinogenic risk, particularly for children (CR > 1 × 10⁻4). Overall, the findings highlight severe surface water degradation and underscore the urgent need for remediation measures and stricter regulatory intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10661-026-15424-9
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Heavy metals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical speciation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental monitoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water quality
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Industrial pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Public health
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: West Bengal (India)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: India
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality: heavy metals, speciation, and human health risks in an industrial region of West Bengal, India.
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            NameFull: Mondal, Gourav
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            NameFull: Basu, Riddhi
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            NameFull: Kumar, Sumit
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            NameFull: Chakraborty, Shreya
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            NameFull: Barman, Ambika
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 01676369
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              Value: 198
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            – TitleFull: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment
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