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Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania vermiculata snail shell waste for improved flame-retardant properties.

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Title: Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania vermiculata snail shell waste for improved flame-retardant properties.
Authors: Haddaji, Khadija1,2 (AUTHOR), Cheriaa, Rim1,3 (AUTHOR) cheriaar@yahoo.fr, Tabib, Soumaya2 (AUTHOR), Jaouachi, Boubaker1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Environmental Science & Pollution Research. May2026, Vol. 33 Issue 19, p9683-9695. 13p.
Subject Terms: *Fireproofing agents, *Snail shells, *Snails, *Organic coatings, *Calcium carbonate, *Sodium alginate, *Wool textiles, *Biodegradable materials
Abstract: This study investigates the development of a novel sustainable bio-based coating to enhance the flame-retardant properties of wool fabrics. The coating consists of a hybrid formulation combining Eobania vermiculata (EV) snail shell microparticles, rich in non-combustible calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and mineral components, with sodium alginate (SA) used as a bio-based thickener. It was applied using a direct coating technique. Vertical flammability tests demonstrated that combustion of the coated fabrics ceased before removal of the ignition source (12 s). In addition, the char length decreased significantly from 27.53 ± 4.27 cm for the untreated wool fabric (Wool-NT) to 5.4 ± 0.03 cm for Wool-SA-EV. SEM observations revealed smoother fiber surfaces and well-distributed snail shell microparticles (< 90 µm). FTIR analysis confirmed the deposition of the coating via physical interactions with wool fibers. Furthermore, tensile strength of Wool-SA-EV samples increased by approximately 16.6% compared with untreated samples, accompanied by a significant improvement in elastic strain and elongation at maximum force (85.4%). The flexural rigidity increased from 3.12 ± 0.50 to 6.64 ± 0.56 mg cm after SA coating, while the addition of EV microparticles did not significantly affect fabric stiffness. Air permeability decreased from 267 L/m2/s for Wool-NT to 212.33 and 165.33 L/m2/s for Wool-SA and Wool-SA-EV, respectively, due to pore filling and the formation of a more compact fabric structure. These results highlight the potential for valorizing snail shell waste to develop an eco-friendly and bio-based coating for wool fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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  Availability: 0
Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194808360
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania vermiculata snail shell waste for improved flame-retardant properties.
– Name: Author
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Haddaji%2C+Khadija%22&quot;&gt;Haddaji, Khadija&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Cheriaa%2C+Rim%22&quot;&gt;Cheriaa, Rim&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; cheriaar@yahoo.fr&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Tabib%2C+Soumaya%22&quot;&gt;Tabib, Soumaya&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Jaouachi%2C+Boubaker%22&quot;&gt;Jaouachi, Boubaker&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Environmental+Science+%26+Pollution+Research%22&quot;&gt;Environmental Science &amp; Pollution Research&lt;/searchLink&gt;. May2026, Vol. 33 Issue 19, p9683-9695. 13p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Fireproofing+agents%22&quot;&gt;Fireproofing agents&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Snail+shells%22&quot;&gt;Snail shells&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Snails%22&quot;&gt;Snails&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Organic+coatings%22&quot;&gt;Organic coatings&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Calcium+carbonate%22&quot;&gt;Calcium carbonate&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Sodium+alginate%22&quot;&gt;Sodium alginate&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Wool+textiles%22&quot;&gt;Wool textiles&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Biodegradable+materials%22&quot;&gt;Biodegradable materials&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study investigates the development of a novel sustainable bio-based coating to enhance the flame-retardant properties of wool fabrics. The coating consists of a hybrid formulation combining Eobania vermiculata (EV) snail shell microparticles, rich in non-combustible calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and mineral components, with sodium alginate (SA) used as a bio-based thickener. It was applied using a direct coating technique. Vertical flammability tests demonstrated that combustion of the coated fabrics ceased before removal of the ignition source (12 s). In addition, the char length decreased significantly from 27.53 &#177; 4.27 cm for the untreated wool fabric (Wool-NT) to 5.4 &#177; 0.03 cm for Wool-SA-EV. SEM observations revealed smoother fiber surfaces and well-distributed snail shell microparticles (&lt; 90 &#181;m). FTIR analysis confirmed the deposition of the coating via physical interactions with wool fibers. Furthermore, tensile strength of Wool-SA-EV samples increased by approximately 16.6% compared with untreated samples, accompanied by a significant improvement in elastic strain and elongation at maximum force (85.4%). The flexural rigidity increased from 3.12 &#177; 0.50 to 6.64 &#177; 0.56 mg cm after SA coating, while the addition of EV microparticles did not significantly affect fabric stiffness. Air permeability decreased from 267 L/m2/s for Wool-NT to 212.33 and 165.33 L/m2/s for Wool-SA and Wool-SA-EV, respectively, due to pore filling and the formation of a more compact fabric structure. These results highlight the potential for valorizing snail shell waste to develop an eco-friendly and bio-based coating for wool fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=enr&AN=194808360
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11356-026-37911-9
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 9683
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Fireproofing agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Snail shells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Snails
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Organic coatings
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calcium carbonate
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sodium alginate
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wool textiles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biodegradable materials
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Bio-based coating for wool fabrics prepared from sodium alginate and Eobania vermiculata snail shell waste for improved flame-retardant properties.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Haddaji, Khadija
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            NameFull: Cheriaa, Rim
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Tabib, Soumaya
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Jaouachi, Boubaker
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          Dates:
            – D: 16
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 09441344
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 33
            – Type: issue
              Value: 19
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Environmental Science & Pollution Research
              Type: main
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