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Structural Design of Lithium Iron Phosphate Energy Storage Battery Modules Based on Multi-Physical Field Simulation.

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Title: Structural Design of Lithium Iron Phosphate Energy Storage Battery Modules Based on Multi-Physical Field Simulation.
Authors: Sang, Ran1 (AUTHOR), Li, Yifei1,2 (AUTHOR) liyifeiqhmu@yeah.net, Yang, Qianpeng3 (AUTHOR), Han, Yan2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2794. 32p.
Subject Terms: *Phase change materials, *Cooling, *Computer simulation, *Lithium-ion batteries, *Energy storage, *Computer simulation of heat transfer, *Temperature control
Abstract: To address heat accumulation, localized hot spots, and non-uniform temperature distribution in large-capacity lithium iron phosphate energy storage battery modules under high ambient temperature and high-rate charge/discharge conditions, this study proposes a fin-enhanced phase change material (PCM)-air hybrid thermal management structure for a 100 Ah prismatic lithium iron phosphate battery and a 2P18S energy storage battery module. First, the battery thermal model is validated using single-cell experimental data reported in the literature. Subsequently, a three-dimensional transient fluid–solid coupled heat transfer model is established by considering transient battery heat generation, PCM solid–liquid phase change, air-side flow and heat transfer, and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. User-defined functions are employed to implement the transient heat source and temperature-dependent material properties. Under identical boundary conditions, the thermal management performances of three configurations, namely Fin-Air, PCM-Air, and Fin-PCM-Air, are compared. The effects of ambient temperature (20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) and inlet air velocity (1 m/s, 2 m/s, and 3 m/s) on the maximum module temperature, temperature uniformity, PCM liquid fraction evolution, and flow field distribution are quantitatively analyzed. The results show that, compared with the Fin–Air system without PCM and the PCM-Air system without fins, the Fin-PCM-Air configuration reduces the maximum module temperature by 1.57% and 0.25%, respectively, at an ambient temperature of 30 °C and an inlet air velocity of 3 m/s. After four charge–discharge cycles, the peak maximum temperature of the module is approximately 38.56 °C, and the peak maximum temperature difference remains below 3.6 K, indicating good temperature uniformity and latent heat buffering capability. In addition, the air velocity trade-off analysis indicates that increasing the inlet air velocity can improve cooling performance but also increases the air-channel pressure drop and fan power consumption. Therefore, the Fin-PCM-Air structure is more suitable for high-thermal-load conditions, and its practical application should comprehensively consider cooling benefits, additional mass, manufacturing cost, and long-term reliability. This study provides a reference for the design and engineering application of hybrid thermal management structures for large-capacity energy storage battery modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194909243
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Structural Design of Lithium Iron Phosphate Energy Storage Battery Modules Based on Multi-Physical Field Simulation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sang%2C+Ran%22">Sang, Ran</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Yifei%22">Li, Yifei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> liyifeiqhmu@yeah.net</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Qianpeng%22">Yang, Qianpeng</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Han%2C+Yan%22">Han, Yan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2794. 32p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+change+materials%22">Phase change materials</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cooling%22">Cooling</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lithium-ion+batteries%22">Lithium-ion batteries</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+storage%22">Energy storage</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation+of+heat+transfer%22">Computer simulation of heat transfer</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+control%22">Temperature control</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: To address heat accumulation, localized hot spots, and non-uniform temperature distribution in large-capacity lithium iron phosphate energy storage battery modules under high ambient temperature and high-rate charge/discharge conditions, this study proposes a fin-enhanced phase change material (PCM)-air hybrid thermal management structure for a 100 Ah prismatic lithium iron phosphate battery and a 2P18S energy storage battery module. First, the battery thermal model is validated using single-cell experimental data reported in the literature. Subsequently, a three-dimensional transient fluid–solid coupled heat transfer model is established by considering transient battery heat generation, PCM solid–liquid phase change, air-side flow and heat transfer, and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. User-defined functions are employed to implement the transient heat source and temperature-dependent material properties. Under identical boundary conditions, the thermal management performances of three configurations, namely Fin-Air, PCM-Air, and Fin-PCM-Air, are compared. The effects of ambient temperature (20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) and inlet air velocity (1 m/s, 2 m/s, and 3 m/s) on the maximum module temperature, temperature uniformity, PCM liquid fraction evolution, and flow field distribution are quantitatively analyzed. The results show that, compared with the Fin–Air system without PCM and the PCM-Air system without fins, the Fin-PCM-Air configuration reduces the maximum module temperature by 1.57% and 0.25%, respectively, at an ambient temperature of 30 °C and an inlet air velocity of 3 m/s. After four charge–discharge cycles, the peak maximum temperature of the module is approximately 38.56 °C, and the peak maximum temperature difference remains below 3.6 K, indicating good temperature uniformity and latent heat buffering capability. In addition, the air velocity trade-off analysis indicates that increasing the inlet air velocity can improve cooling performance but also increases the air-channel pressure drop and fan power consumption. Therefore, the Fin-PCM-Air structure is more suitable for high-thermal-load conditions, and its practical application should comprehensively consider cooling benefits, additional mass, manufacturing cost, and long-term reliability. This study provides a reference for the design and engineering application of hybrid thermal management structures for large-capacity energy storage battery modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19122794
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 32
        StartPage: 2794
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Phase change materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cooling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lithium-ion batteries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy storage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation of heat transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature control
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Structural Design of Lithium Iron Phosphate Energy Storage Battery Modules Based on Multi-Physical Field Simulation.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Sang, Ran
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Li, Yifei
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yang, Qianpeng
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Han, Yan
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          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 12
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            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
              Type: main
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