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Optimal Scheduling of Weak-Grid Green Ammonia Systems Based on ALK–PEM Electrolyzer Coordination.

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Title: Optimal Scheduling of Weak-Grid Green Ammonia Systems Based on ALK–PEM Electrolyzer Coordination.
Authors: Cheng, Limin1 (AUTHOR), Ji, Xu2 (AUTHOR) jixu@scu.edu.cn
Source: Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2807. 26p.
Subject Terms: *Scheduling, *Mixed integer linear programming, *Renewable energy sources, *Ammonia, *Hydrogen storage
Abstract: Green ammonia systems provide an important pathway for converting fluctuating renewable electricity into transportable chemical products. To address the coupled challenges of renewable power variability, heterogeneous electrolyzer dynamics, hydrogen storage constraints, and continuous ammonia synthesis under weak-grid conditions, this paper develops a mixed-integer linear programming scheduling model considering the coordination and start–stop characteristics of ALK–PEM hybrid electrolyzers. The model uses a 15 min resolution over a two-day horizon and integrates renewable power supply, grid electricity purchase, electrolysis, hydrogen storage, and flexible ammonia synthesis in a unified framework. The off, hot-standby, and running states of ALK and PEM electrolyzers are explicitly represented. The case results show that, under the high-renewable-resource scenario, ammonia production reaches 494.93 t, with a curtailment ratio of 3.23% and a grid electricity share of 0.68%, indicating strong renewable-energy conversion capability. Under the low-renewable-resource scenario, ammonia production decreases to 180.09 t and the grid electricity share increases to 40%, showing that the operating priority shifts to maintaining continuous production and safe hydrogen inventory. The ALK hydrogen production share decreases from 93.96% in the high-resource scenario to 75.66% in the low-resource scenario, while the PEM share increases from 6.04% to 24.34%. This indicates that ALK mainly supports large-scale base-load hydrogen production under abundant renewable resources, whereas PEM provides fast compensation and marginal regulation when renewable resources are limited and more volatile. The results demonstrate that ALK base-load production, PEM fast regulation, hydrogen storage buffering, and platform-like flexible ammonia operation jointly provide the main flexibility sources in the studied weak-grid green ammonia system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194909256
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Optimal Scheduling of Weak-Grid Green Ammonia Systems Based on ALK–PEM Electrolyzer Coordination.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cheng%2C+Limin%22">Cheng, Limin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ji%2C+Xu%22">Ji, Xu</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jixu@scu.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2807. 26p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scheduling%22">Scheduling</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mixed+integer+linear+programming%22">Mixed integer linear programming</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Renewable+energy+sources%22">Renewable energy sources</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ammonia%22">Ammonia</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen+storage%22">Hydrogen storage</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Green ammonia systems provide an important pathway for converting fluctuating renewable electricity into transportable chemical products. To address the coupled challenges of renewable power variability, heterogeneous electrolyzer dynamics, hydrogen storage constraints, and continuous ammonia synthesis under weak-grid conditions, this paper develops a mixed-integer linear programming scheduling model considering the coordination and start–stop characteristics of ALK–PEM hybrid electrolyzers. The model uses a 15 min resolution over a two-day horizon and integrates renewable power supply, grid electricity purchase, electrolysis, hydrogen storage, and flexible ammonia synthesis in a unified framework. The off, hot-standby, and running states of ALK and PEM electrolyzers are explicitly represented. The case results show that, under the high-renewable-resource scenario, ammonia production reaches 494.93 t, with a curtailment ratio of 3.23% and a grid electricity share of 0.68%, indicating strong renewable-energy conversion capability. Under the low-renewable-resource scenario, ammonia production decreases to 180.09 t and the grid electricity share increases to 40%, showing that the operating priority shifts to maintaining continuous production and safe hydrogen inventory. The ALK hydrogen production share decreases from 93.96% in the high-resource scenario to 75.66% in the low-resource scenario, while the PEM share increases from 6.04% to 24.34%. This indicates that ALK mainly supports large-scale base-load hydrogen production under abundant renewable resources, whereas PEM provides fast compensation and marginal regulation when renewable resources are limited and more volatile. The results demonstrate that ALK base-load production, PEM fast regulation, hydrogen storage buffering, and platform-like flexible ammonia operation jointly provide the main flexibility sources in the studied weak-grid green ammonia system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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        Value: 10.3390/en19122807
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 26
        StartPage: 2807
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Scheduling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mixed integer linear programming
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Renewable energy sources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ammonia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrogen storage
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Optimal Scheduling of Weak-Grid Green Ammonia Systems Based on ALK–PEM Electrolyzer Coordination.
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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