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Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of the Atomization Characteristics of Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Impact Jet Nozzle Based on the VOF-DPM Coupling Method.

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Title: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of the Atomization Characteristics of Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Impact Jet Nozzle Based on the VOF-DPM Coupling Method.
Authors: Wu, Renjie1 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Jianhua1,2 (AUTHOR) zhaojh402@sina.com, Wang, Zhaowen1,2 (AUTHOR), Yang, Kun1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhou, Lei1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Yuwei1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Qiguang2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2812. 22p.
Subject Terms: *Atomization, *Spray nozzles, *Two-phase flow, *Computer simulation, *Model validation, *Mathematical optimization
Abstract: Exhaust piping in diesel engines is subject to severe thermal stress arising from high-temperature, high-pressure gas flows, and spray cooling with atomizing nozzles has become a widely adopted method to safeguard structural reliability. However, at present, the understanding of the spray fragmentation mechanism of two-phase flow under low inlet pressure is still not comprehensive. This study establishes a three-dimensional model of a gas–liquid impinging-jet nozzle and applies a coupled Volume-of-Fluid to Discrete-Phase-Model (VOF–DPM) approach to resolve the liquid breakup process in detail. High-speed imaging experiments were carried out to validate the numerical results. Orthogonal tests were conducted at five pressure levels for both gas and water—0.28, 0.24, 0.20, 0.16, and 0.12 MPa—producing 25 data pairs of spray cone angle and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). Within the 0–0.3 MPa air inlet pressure range explored here, raising the pressure consistently reduced the SMD and widened the cone angle, although both trends weakened as the pressure increased. Water inlet pressure exhibited a nonlinear influence, with local extrema appearing in the higher-pressure region. The overall SMD reached a minimum of 34.12 μm and a maximum of 149.04 μm. Using these 25 data points, a genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the pressure ratio under the constraint of total hydraulic power, yielding optimization strategies for different power budgets. An additional outcome of the simulation was the identification of a structural weakness: by reshaping the original flat impingement surface into a full conical surface, atomization quality improved by 29.36% under identical boundary conditions. These findings clarify the atomization mechanism of gas–liquid impinging jets under low inlet pressure and offer practical guidance for nozzle optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194909261
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of the Atomization Characteristics of Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Impact Jet Nozzle Based on the VOF-DPM Coupling Method.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Renjie%22">Wu, Renjie</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Jianhua%22">Zhao, Jianhua</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhaojh402@sina.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Zhaowen%22">Wang, Zhaowen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Kun%22">Yang, Kun</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Lei%22">Zhou, Lei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Yuwei%22">Zhang, Yuwei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Qiguang%22">Wang, Qiguang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2812. 22p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atomization%22">Atomization</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spray+nozzles%22">Spray nozzles</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Two-phase+flow%22">Two-phase flow</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Model+validation%22">Model validation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Exhaust piping in diesel engines is subject to severe thermal stress arising from high-temperature, high-pressure gas flows, and spray cooling with atomizing nozzles has become a widely adopted method to safeguard structural reliability. However, at present, the understanding of the spray fragmentation mechanism of two-phase flow under low inlet pressure is still not comprehensive. This study establishes a three-dimensional model of a gas–liquid impinging-jet nozzle and applies a coupled Volume-of-Fluid to Discrete-Phase-Model (VOF–DPM) approach to resolve the liquid breakup process in detail. High-speed imaging experiments were carried out to validate the numerical results. Orthogonal tests were conducted at five pressure levels for both gas and water—0.28, 0.24, 0.20, 0.16, and 0.12 MPa—producing 25 data pairs of spray cone angle and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). Within the 0–0.3 MPa air inlet pressure range explored here, raising the pressure consistently reduced the SMD and widened the cone angle, although both trends weakened as the pressure increased. Water inlet pressure exhibited a nonlinear influence, with local extrema appearing in the higher-pressure region. The overall SMD reached a minimum of 34.12 μm and a maximum of 149.04 μm. Using these 25 data points, a genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the pressure ratio under the constraint of total hydraulic power, yielding optimization strategies for different power budgets. An additional outcome of the simulation was the identification of a structural weakness: by reshaping the original flat impingement surface into a full conical surface, atomization quality improved by 29.36% under identical boundary conditions. These findings clarify the atomization mechanism of gas–liquid impinging jets under low inlet pressure and offer practical guidance for nozzle optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19122812
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 2812
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Atomization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spray nozzles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Two-phase flow
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Model validation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of the Atomization Characteristics of Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Impact Jet Nozzle Based on the VOF-DPM Coupling Method.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wu, Renjie
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          Name:
            NameFull: Zhao, Jianhua
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Wang, Zhaowen
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            NameFull: Yang, Kun
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            NameFull: Zhou, Lei
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            NameFull: Zhang, Yuwei
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            NameFull: Wang, Qiguang
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            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 12
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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