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A Hybrid Energy-Storage System Based on Direct High-Pressure Electrolyser and Battery for Microgrid Application: System Energy-Management Modelling and Case Studies.

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Title: A Hybrid Energy-Storage System Based on Direct High-Pressure Electrolyser and Battery for Microgrid Application: System Energy-Management Modelling and Case Studies.
Authors: Xie, Tianxiao1 (AUTHOR) xie@b-tu.de, Kleissl, Marko1 (AUTHOR), Baudonnière, Mathis1 (AUTHOR), Himmelberg, Axel1 (AUTHOR), Berg, Heinz Peter1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2825. 27p.
Subject Terms: *Hydrogen storage, *Microgrids, *Renewable energy source management, *Electrolytic cells, *Solar energy, *Storage batteries, *Energy storage
Reviews & Products: Simulink (Computer software)
Abstract: This paper addresses the current development status of a innovative direct high-pressure electrolyser (DHPEL, operating up to 700 bar) and its integration into a microgrid system in which solar energy constitutes the primary energy source and a hybrid energy storage system, comprising a battery and hydrogen, is employed. The DHPEL under development enables the direct production and storage of hydrogen at high pressures, thereby obviating the need for intermediate mechanical compression. In combination with standardized pressure vessels (300–350 bar) or the increasingly widespread use of CFRP-based high-pressure storage tanks (up to 700 bar), the DHPEL concept represents a technically and economically attractive option for microgrids with hybrid energy storage. The hybrid storage concept is based on functional differentiation between the storage media: the battery is intended to act predominantly as a buffer or short-term storage unit, and the hydrogen is designated for long-term energy storage. In principle, this configuration facilitates an autonomous energy supply relying exclusively on renewable energy sources; this is achieved by enabling the surplus solar energy generated in summer to be converted into hydrogen and subsequently utilized in winter. A rule-based energy-management algorithm is presented, prioritizing hydrogen production from surplus energy during the summer period and aiming to minimize interaction with the public electricity grid. This is particularly relevant for high-latitude regions, such as Germany, where solar irradiation is significantly lower in winter than in summer. A quasi-optimal sizing of all components in the microgrid, along with a realistic techno-economic assessment of the overall system, is performed using an energy-management model implemented in Simulink and utilised with realistic boundary conditions. A case study utilizing realistic solar generation and empirically derived electrical load profiles demonstrates the technical and economic viability of seasonal energy shifting from summer to winter (resulting in an autarky degree exceeding 1) within an economically acceptable cost range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194909274
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: A Hybrid Energy-Storage System Based on Direct High-Pressure Electrolyser and Battery for Microgrid Application: System Energy-Management Modelling and Case Studies.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xie%2C+Tianxiao%22">Xie, Tianxiao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> xie@b-tu.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kleissl%2C+Marko%22">Kleissl, Marko</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baudonnière%2C+Mathis%22">Baudonnière, Mathis</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Himmelberg%2C+Axel%22">Himmelberg, Axel</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Berg%2C+Heinz+Peter%22">Berg, Heinz Peter</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2825. 27p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen+storage%22">Hydrogen storage</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microgrids%22">Microgrids</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Renewable+energy+source+management%22">Renewable energy source management</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrolytic+cells%22">Electrolytic cells</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+energy%22">Solar energy</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Storage+batteries%22">Storage batteries</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+storage%22">Energy storage</searchLink>
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper addresses the current development status of a innovative direct high-pressure electrolyser (DHPEL, operating up to 700 bar) and its integration into a microgrid system in which solar energy constitutes the primary energy source and a hybrid energy storage system, comprising a battery and hydrogen, is employed. The DHPEL under development enables the direct production and storage of hydrogen at high pressures, thereby obviating the need for intermediate mechanical compression. In combination with standardized pressure vessels (300–350 bar) or the increasingly widespread use of CFRP-based high-pressure storage tanks (up to 700 bar), the DHPEL concept represents a technically and economically attractive option for microgrids with hybrid energy storage. The hybrid storage concept is based on functional differentiation between the storage media: the battery is intended to act predominantly as a buffer or short-term storage unit, and the hydrogen is designated for long-term energy storage. In principle, this configuration facilitates an autonomous energy supply relying exclusively on renewable energy sources; this is achieved by enabling the surplus solar energy generated in summer to be converted into hydrogen and subsequently utilized in winter. A rule-based energy-management algorithm is presented, prioritizing hydrogen production from surplus energy during the summer period and aiming to minimize interaction with the public electricity grid. This is particularly relevant for high-latitude regions, such as Germany, where solar irradiation is significantly lower in winter than in summer. A quasi-optimal sizing of all components in the microgrid, along with a realistic techno-economic assessment of the overall system, is performed using an energy-management model implemented in Simulink and utilised with realistic boundary conditions. A case study utilizing realistic solar generation and empirically derived electrical load profiles demonstrates the technical and economic viability of seasonal energy shifting from summer to winter (resulting in an autarky degree exceeding 1) within an economically acceptable cost range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19122825
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 27
        StartPage: 2825
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Hydrogen storage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microgrids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Renewable energy source management
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrolytic cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar energy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Storage batteries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy storage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Simulink (Computer software)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: A Hybrid Energy-Storage System Based on Direct High-Pressure Electrolyser and Battery for Microgrid Application: System Energy-Management Modelling and Case Studies.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Xie, Tianxiao
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            NameFull: Kleissl, Marko
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            NameFull: Baudonnière, Mathis
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            NameFull: Himmelberg, Axel
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            NameFull: Berg, Heinz Peter
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          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 12
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
              Type: main
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