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GRG-Based Optimization of an Off-Grid PV/BESS/DGU Hybrid Power System for Remote Sites in Kazakhstan.

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Title: GRG-Based Optimization of an Off-Grid PV/BESS/DGU Hybrid Power System for Remote Sites in Kazakhstan.
Authors: Omar, Dauren1,2 (AUTHOR), Omarov, Rashit1,2 (AUTHOR), Demessova, Saule3 (AUTHOR) saule.demesova@mail.ru, Turymbetova, Gulzukhra4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2860. 27p.
Subject Terms: *Hybrid power systems, *Microgrids, *Diesel electric power-plants, *Carbon pricing, *Battery storage plants
Geographic Terms: Kazakhstan
Abstract: Hybrid renewable energy systems are regarded as one of the most promising solutions for the autonomous power supply of remote and weakly electrified sites, where diesel generation remains a costly and carbon-intensive energy source. This study presents the optimization of an off-grid PV/BESS/DGU microgrid for three representative regions of Kazakhstan—North, Central/East, and South/South-West—under different environmental scenarios. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal installed photovoltaic capacity, battery storage capacity, diesel generator rated power, and annual load coverage balance using the Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) method. The optimization was carried out using two objective functions: the conventional levelized cost of electricity, L C O E , and the environmentally adjusted cost of electricity, L C O E e n v , which includes the monetized cost of emissions associated with diesel generator operation. The model was formulated as a constrained nonlinear programming problem incorporating hourly energy balance, battery state-of-charge constraints, diesel generator operating constraints, and carbon price scenarios of 0, 25, 50, and 100 USD/tCO2. The results show that an increase in the carbon price systematically shifts the optimum toward a higher share of photovoltaic generation and reduced diesel generator use in all regions. The strongest response is observed in the South/South-West region, followed by Central/East, whereas the North exhibits the lowest sensitivity due to the more pronounced seasonality of solar generation. Under the considered scenarios, the optimal PV capacity increases by approximately 24–28%, while the share of diesel generation in annual load coverage decreases by approximately 28% in the North, 44% in Central/East, and 61% in the South/South-West. At the same time, the rated diesel generator capacity remains unchanged in most scenarios, indicating the persistence of its backup function. The results confirm that the PV/BESS/DGU configuration constitutes a technically and economically justified baseline architecture for autonomous power supply under Kazakhstan's conditions, while the inclusion of environmental costs supports the cost-effective displacement of diesel generation. The GRG method proved to be suitable for the transparent and efficient optimization of hybrid microgrid parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194909309
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: GRG-Based Optimization of an Off-Grid PV/BESS/DGU Hybrid Power System for Remote Sites in Kazakhstan.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Omar%2C+Dauren%22">Omar, Dauren</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Omarov%2C+Rashit%22">Omarov, Rashit</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Demessova%2C+Saule%22">Demessova, Saule</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> saule.demesova@mail.ru</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Turymbetova%2C+Gulzukhra%22">Turymbetova, Gulzukhra</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2860. 27p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hybrid+power+systems%22">Hybrid power systems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microgrids%22">Microgrids</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diesel+electric+power-plants%22">Diesel electric power-plants</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+pricing%22">Carbon pricing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Battery+storage+plants%22">Battery storage plants</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kazakhstan%22">Kazakhstan</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Hybrid renewable energy systems are regarded as one of the most promising solutions for the autonomous power supply of remote and weakly electrified sites, where diesel generation remains a costly and carbon-intensive energy source. This study presents the optimization of an off-grid PV/BESS/DGU microgrid for three representative regions of Kazakhstan—North, Central/East, and South/South-West—under different environmental scenarios. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal installed photovoltaic capacity, battery storage capacity, diesel generator rated power, and annual load coverage balance using the Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) method. The optimization was carried out using two objective functions: the conventional levelized cost of electricity, L C O E , and the environmentally adjusted cost of electricity, L C O E e n v , which includes the monetized cost of emissions associated with diesel generator operation. The model was formulated as a constrained nonlinear programming problem incorporating hourly energy balance, battery state-of-charge constraints, diesel generator operating constraints, and carbon price scenarios of 0, 25, 50, and 100 USD/tCO2. The results show that an increase in the carbon price systematically shifts the optimum toward a higher share of photovoltaic generation and reduced diesel generator use in all regions. The strongest response is observed in the South/South-West region, followed by Central/East, whereas the North exhibits the lowest sensitivity due to the more pronounced seasonality of solar generation. Under the considered scenarios, the optimal PV capacity increases by approximately 24–28%, while the share of diesel generation in annual load coverage decreases by approximately 28% in the North, 44% in Central/East, and 61% in the South/South-West. At the same time, the rated diesel generator capacity remains unchanged in most scenarios, indicating the persistence of its backup function. The results confirm that the PV/BESS/DGU configuration constitutes a technically and economically justified baseline architecture for autonomous power supply under Kazakhstan's conditions, while the inclusion of environmental costs supports the cost-effective displacement of diesel generation. The GRG method proved to be suitable for the transparent and efficient optimization of hybrid microgrid parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19122860
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 27
        StartPage: 2860
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Hybrid power systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microgrids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diesel electric power-plants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon pricing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Battery storage plants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kazakhstan
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: GRG-Based Optimization of an Off-Grid PV/BESS/DGU Hybrid Power System for Remote Sites in Kazakhstan.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Omar, Dauren
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Omarov, Rashit
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Demessova, Saule
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            NameFull: Turymbetova, Gulzukhra
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          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 12
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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