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Influence of Temperature and Pressure on Hydrocarbon Generation During Oil Shale In Situ Conversion (ICP).

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Title: Influence of Temperature and Pressure on Hydrocarbon Generation During Oil Shale In Situ Conversion (ICP).
Authors: Lian, Xuhuan1,2 (AUTHOR) zhangmengyao23@mails.ucas.ac.cn, Hou, Lianhua1,2,3 (AUTHOR) dxn819@petrochina.com.cn, Ding, Xiaonan3 (AUTHOR), Wang, Ruyu3 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Mengyao1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2881. 18p.
Subject Terms: *Temperature effect, *Oil shales, *Petroleum production, *Pyrolysis kinetics, *Thermal analysis, *Shale oils
Abstract: Temperature and pressure are critical controlling parameters in the in situ conversion process (ICP) of oil shale. Clarifying the mechanisms governing organic matter pyrolysis is essential for reliably extrapolating laboratory findings to geological conditions. This review systematically summarizes the effects of temperature and pressure on shale pyrolysis and on hydrocarbon generation kinetics. Temperature is the primary factor controlling pyrolysis rates and product distribution, with an optimal temperature window enhancing shale oil yield while suppressing secondary cracking. Low heating rates favor thorough pyrolysis, although their influence on reaction pathways is generally overlooked in current kinetic models. Pressure effects are stage-dependent: during organic matter conversion, they are minor, whereas, in the product expulsion stage, high pressure inhibits hydrocarbon expulsion, prolongs residence time, and promotes secondary cracking, thereby reducing overall oil yield while increasing light fractions. Discrepancies in reported pressure effects arise from variations in experimental systems, sample forms, and medium conditions. The coupling of temperature and pressure is synergistic rather than additive. Given that current kinetic models largely neglect pressure and heating-rate effects, and that temperature–pressure coupling mechanisms remain unclear, future research should focus on thermal simulation experiments across wide ranges of pressures and heating rates, complemented by ReaxFF molecular dynamics to elucidate reaction pathways and guide kinetic model development. Further in situ experiments under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions are needed to characterize coupled pore evolution and fluid migration. Ultimately, integrated thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) models should be developed to capture hydrocarbon generation, retention, and expulsion, providing a robust theoretical framework for optimizing ICP technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 194909330
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Influence of Temperature and Pressure on Hydrocarbon Generation During Oil Shale In Situ Conversion (ICP).
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lian%2C+Xuhuan%22">Lian, Xuhuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhangmengyao23@mails.ucas.ac.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hou%2C+Lianhua%22">Hou, Lianhua</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> dxn819@petrochina.com.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ding%2C+Xiaonan%22">Ding, Xiaonan</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Ruyu%22">Wang, Ruyu</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Mengyao%22">Zhang, Mengyao</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2881. 18p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+effect%22">Temperature effect</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oil+shales%22">Oil shales</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Petroleum+production%22">Petroleum production</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pyrolysis+kinetics%22">Pyrolysis kinetics</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+analysis%22">Thermal analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shale+oils%22">Shale oils</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Temperature and pressure are critical controlling parameters in the in situ conversion process (ICP) of oil shale. Clarifying the mechanisms governing organic matter pyrolysis is essential for reliably extrapolating laboratory findings to geological conditions. This review systematically summarizes the effects of temperature and pressure on shale pyrolysis and on hydrocarbon generation kinetics. Temperature is the primary factor controlling pyrolysis rates and product distribution, with an optimal temperature window enhancing shale oil yield while suppressing secondary cracking. Low heating rates favor thorough pyrolysis, although their influence on reaction pathways is generally overlooked in current kinetic models. Pressure effects are stage-dependent: during organic matter conversion, they are minor, whereas, in the product expulsion stage, high pressure inhibits hydrocarbon expulsion, prolongs residence time, and promotes secondary cracking, thereby reducing overall oil yield while increasing light fractions. Discrepancies in reported pressure effects arise from variations in experimental systems, sample forms, and medium conditions. The coupling of temperature and pressure is synergistic rather than additive. Given that current kinetic models largely neglect pressure and heating-rate effects, and that temperature–pressure coupling mechanisms remain unclear, future research should focus on thermal simulation experiments across wide ranges of pressures and heating rates, complemented by ReaxFF molecular dynamics to elucidate reaction pathways and guide kinetic model development. Further in situ experiments under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions are needed to characterize coupled pore evolution and fluid migration. Ultimately, integrated thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) models should be developed to capture hydrocarbon generation, retention, and expulsion, providing a robust theoretical framework for optimizing ICP technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19122881
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 2881
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Temperature effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oil shales
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Petroleum production
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pyrolysis kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shale oils
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Influence of Temperature and Pressure on Hydrocarbon Generation During Oil Shale In Situ Conversion (ICP).
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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          Name:
            NameFull: Lian, Xuhuan
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            NameFull: Hou, Lianhua
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            NameFull: Ding, Xiaonan
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Wang, Ruyu
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhang, Mengyao
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          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 12
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            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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