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Experimental analysis and predictive modelling of surge and swab pressure mitigation using graphene-based drilling fluid in shallow wells.

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Title: Experimental analysis and predictive modelling of surge and swab pressure mitigation using graphene-based drilling fluid in shallow wells.
Authors: Sabo, Umar Nabil1,2,3 (AUTHOR) umar_18003472@utp.edu.my, Ridha, Syahrir1,2 (AUTHOR), Dzulkarnain, Iskandar B.1,2 (AUTHOR), Yusuf, Mohammad4,5 (AUTHOR), Rasool, Muhammad Hammad2 (AUTHOR), Maoinser, Mohd Azuwan1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Petroleum Exploration & Production Technology. Aug2026, Vol. 16 Issue 8, p1-30. 30p.
Subject Terms: *Graphene oxide, *Drilling fluids, *Materials testing, *Rheology, *Nanoparticles, *Dynamic pressure
Abstract: Surge and swab pressures generated during tripping operations pose significant risks in shallow well drilling under narrow pressure margins. These uncontrolled pressure fluctuations can lead to formation fracturing or influx. Despite advances in nanoparticle-enhanced drilling fluids, most existing studies focus on static rheological and filtration properties, with limited experimental evaluation of transient pressure behavior. This study experimentally investigates the performance of graphene oxide-enhanced water-based drilling fluids (GO-WBDFs) in mitigating surge and swab pressures under dynamic conditions. Drilling fluids containing 0.0, 0.1 and 0.45 wt.% GO were formulated and characterized using rheological measurements, low-pressure low-temperature filtration tests and microstructural analysis (field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and zeta potential). Surge and swab pressures were measured in a custom-built flow loop under varying annular diameter ratios (3.7–8.5 cm), eccentricities (0.0–0.9) and tripping speeds (0.45–0.54 m/s). The results show that the 0.1 wt.% GO formulation provides optimal performance, achieving up to 22.5% reduction in surge pressure compared to the base fluid. Filtration loss decreased by 16% at 0.1 wt.% GO, while rheological modelling using Yield Power Law and Herschel-Bulkley models yielded excellent agreement with experimental data (R2 > 0.998). Microstructural analysis confirmed stable dispersion and nanosheet network formation, contributing to enhanced shear-thinning behavior and pressure damping. The findings demonstrate that low concentration GO effectively improves drilling fluid performance under dynamic conditions by linking microstructure, rheology and pressure responses. This study provides one of the first experimental validations of surge and swab pressure mitigation using GO-enhanced fluids and offers practical guidance for optimizing drilling fluid design and tripping operations in shallow wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
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An: 195285403
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Experimental analysis and predictive modelling of surge and swab pressure mitigation using graphene-based drilling fluid in shallow wells.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sabo%2C+Umar+Nabil%22">Sabo, Umar Nabil</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> umar_18003472@utp.edu.my</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ridha%2C+Syahrir%22">Ridha, Syahrir</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dzulkarnain%2C+Iskandar+B%2E%22">Dzulkarnain, Iskandar B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yusuf%2C+Mohammad%22">Yusuf, Mohammad</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rasool%2C+Muhammad+Hammad%22">Rasool, Muhammad Hammad</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Maoinser%2C+Mohd+Azuwan%22">Maoinser, Mohd Azuwan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Petroleum+Exploration+%26+Production+Technology%22">Journal of Petroleum Exploration & Production Technology</searchLink>. Aug2026, Vol. 16 Issue 8, p1-30. 30p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene+oxide%22">Graphene oxide</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drilling+fluids%22">Drilling fluids</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Materials+testing%22">Materials testing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rheology%22">Rheology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanoparticles%22">Nanoparticles</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dynamic+pressure%22">Dynamic pressure</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Surge and swab pressures generated during tripping operations pose significant risks in shallow well drilling under narrow pressure margins. These uncontrolled pressure fluctuations can lead to formation fracturing or influx. Despite advances in nanoparticle-enhanced drilling fluids, most existing studies focus on static rheological and filtration properties, with limited experimental evaluation of transient pressure behavior. This study experimentally investigates the performance of graphene oxide-enhanced water-based drilling fluids (GO-WBDFs) in mitigating surge and swab pressures under dynamic conditions. Drilling fluids containing 0.0, 0.1 and 0.45 wt.% GO were formulated and characterized using rheological measurements, low-pressure low-temperature filtration tests and microstructural analysis (field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and zeta potential). Surge and swab pressures were measured in a custom-built flow loop under varying annular diameter ratios (3.7–8.5 cm), eccentricities (0.0–0.9) and tripping speeds (0.45–0.54 m/s). The results show that the 0.1 wt.% GO formulation provides optimal performance, achieving up to 22.5% reduction in surge pressure compared to the base fluid. Filtration loss decreased by 16% at 0.1 wt.% GO, while rheological modelling using Yield Power Law and Herschel-Bulkley models yielded excellent agreement with experimental data (R2 > 0.998). Microstructural analysis confirmed stable dispersion and nanosheet network formation, contributing to enhanced shear-thinning behavior and pressure damping. The findings demonstrate that low concentration GO effectively improves drilling fluid performance under dynamic conditions by linking microstructure, rheology and pressure responses. This study provides one of the first experimental validations of surge and swab pressure mitigation using GO-enhanced fluids and offers practical guidance for optimizing drilling fluid design and tripping operations in shallow wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s13202-026-02161-5
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 30
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Graphene oxide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drilling fluids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Materials testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rheology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nanoparticles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dynamic pressure
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Experimental analysis and predictive modelling of surge and swab pressure mitigation using graphene-based drilling fluid in shallow wells.
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            NameFull: Sabo, Umar Nabil
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            NameFull: Ridha, Syahrir
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            NameFull: Dzulkarnain, Iskandar B.
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            NameFull: Yusuf, Mohammad
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            NameFull: Rasool, Muhammad Hammad
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            NameFull: Maoinser, Mohd Azuwan
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 16
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              Value: 8
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Petroleum Exploration & Production Technology
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