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Comparative Numerical Simulation on Heat Transfer Performance of CO 2 and Water in Closed-Cycle Geothermal Development Systems.

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Title: Comparative Numerical Simulation on Heat Transfer Performance of CO 2 and Water in Closed-Cycle Geothermal Development Systems.
Authors: Zhu, Zhiyong1 (AUTHOR), Lei, Heqing2 (AUTHOR), Li, Zhiheng1 (AUTHOR), Yao, Yonggang1,2 (AUTHOR), Li, Shengyi1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Jinhe2 (AUTHOR), Cheng, Yuxiang2 (AUTHOR) chengyx@jlu.edu.cn
Source: Energies (19961073). Sep2026, Vol. 19 Issue 17, p3956. 24p.
Subject Terms: *Heat transfer, *Working fluids, *Ground source heat pump systems, *Geothermal wells, *Heat recovery, *Computer simulation
Geographic Terms: China, Shandong Sheng (China)
Abstract: Driven by China's "Dual Carbon" strategy, medium-deep closed-loop geothermal energy has become a mainstream clean heating technology owing to the advantage of "heat extraction without groundwater production". However, its large-scale application is restricted by low single-well heat output and an unclear matching mechanism between working fluids and wellbores. Taking sandstone geothermal reservoirs in Dezhou, Northwestern Shandong Depression, as the research object, a 3D coupled heat transfer model of the wellbore–reservoir was established via COMSOL Multiphysics. The heat transfer characteristics of water and CO2 under variable injection temperature, mass flow rate and wellbore layout were compared. The results show that: (1) injection temperature dominates the heat extraction performance of water, which matches branched wells and delays overall reservoir thermal depletion during long-term exploitation; (2) CO2 performance is highly sensitive to mass flow rate and suitable for connected wells, and an asymmetric geothermal field with "cooled injection zone and heated production zone" forms under a high flow rate; (3) limited by low specific heat capacity, CO2 delivers lower heat power at an identical flow rate, while equivalent heat yield can be achieved when its flow rate doubles that of water. This study clarifies matched development schemes for two working fluids and provides a theoretical reference for optimized exploitation of closed-loop geothermal systems in sandstone reservoirs in Northwestern Shandong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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Header DbId: enr
DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 197040437
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Comparative Numerical Simulation on Heat Transfer Performance of CO 2 and Water in Closed-Cycle Geothermal Development Systems.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Zhiyong%22">Zhu, Zhiyong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lei%2C+Heqing%22">Lei, Heqing</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Zhiheng%22">Li, Zhiheng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yao%2C+Yonggang%22">Yao, Yonggang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Shengyi%22">Li, Shengyi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Jinhe%22">Yang, Jinhe</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cheng%2C+Yuxiang%22">Cheng, Yuxiang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> chengyx@jlu.edu.cn</i>
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  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Sep2026, Vol. 19 Issue 17, p3956. 24p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+transfer%22">Heat transfer</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Working+fluids%22">Working fluids</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ground+source+heat+pump+systems%22">Ground source heat pump systems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geothermal+wells%22">Geothermal wells</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+recovery%22">Heat recovery</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shandong+Sheng+%28China%29%22">Shandong Sheng (China)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Driven by China's "Dual Carbon" strategy, medium-deep closed-loop geothermal energy has become a mainstream clean heating technology owing to the advantage of "heat extraction without groundwater production". However, its large-scale application is restricted by low single-well heat output and an unclear matching mechanism between working fluids and wellbores. Taking sandstone geothermal reservoirs in Dezhou, Northwestern Shandong Depression, as the research object, a 3D coupled heat transfer model of the wellbore–reservoir was established via COMSOL Multiphysics. The heat transfer characteristics of water and CO2 under variable injection temperature, mass flow rate and wellbore layout were compared. The results show that: (1) injection temperature dominates the heat extraction performance of water, which matches branched wells and delays overall reservoir thermal depletion during long-term exploitation; (2) CO2 performance is highly sensitive to mass flow rate and suitable for connected wells, and an asymmetric geothermal field with "cooled injection zone and heated production zone" forms under a high flow rate; (3) limited by low specific heat capacity, CO2 delivers lower heat power at an identical flow rate, while equivalent heat yield can be achieved when its flow rate doubles that of water. This study clarifies matched development schemes for two working fluids and provides a theoretical reference for optimized exploitation of closed-loop geothermal systems in sandstone reservoirs in Northwestern Shandong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19173956
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 3956
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Heat transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Working fluids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ground source heat pump systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Geothermal wells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat recovery
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: China
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shandong Sheng (China)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Comparative Numerical Simulation on Heat Transfer Performance of CO 2 and Water in Closed-Cycle Geothermal Development Systems.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhu, Zhiyong
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          Name:
            NameFull: Lei, Heqing
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            NameFull: Li, Zhiheng
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            NameFull: Yao, Yonggang
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            NameFull: Li, Shengyi
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            NameFull: Yang, Jinhe
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            NameFull: Cheng, Yuxiang
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 17
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
              Type: main
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