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Dynamic-Feasibility-Aware Coordination of Converter-Based Virtual Inertia in Active Distribution Networks.

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Title: Dynamic-Feasibility-Aware Coordination of Converter-Based Virtual Inertia in Active Distribution Networks.
Authors: Yu, Tianze1 (AUTHOR), Liao, Huanxin2 (AUTHOR) mengfanmin@link.cuhk.edu.cn, Yang, Chao3 (AUTHOR), Min, Mengfan1,4 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Junhua1,4 (AUTHOR) zhaojunhua@cuhk.edu.cn
Source: Energies (19961073). Sep2026, Vol. 19 Issue 18, p4342. 26p.
Subject Terms: *Gaussian processes, *Power distribution networks, *Inertia (Mechanics), *Synchronization
Abstract: Converter-interfaced resources in active distribution networks (ADNs) can provide virtual-inertia support, but inertia coordination based on initial frequency-response metrics, such as the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and frequency nadir, may not fully capture dynamic interactions among converters, affecting inertia-setting feasibility. This paper proposes a dynamic-feasibility-aware coordination method for converter-interfaced resources with heterogeneous converter dynamics, considering grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) configurations. Reduced-order dynamic simulation samples are generated to train Gaussian process regression surrogates that learn mappings from inertia settings to initial frequency-support metrics and feasibility indicators, enabling evaluation during optimization. Full-window frequency and voltage security and tail-oscillation behavior are incorporated through feasibility constraints, restricting the search to feasible regions. The nonconvex problem is solved using grid-assisted multi-start sequential least-squares programming. Case studies on a modified United Kingdom Generic Distribution System (UKGDS) EHV1 network show that admissible inertia settings and robustness margins depend strongly on GFM/GFL composition under sensitivity and disturbance tests. In the all-GFM case, the proposed method preserves nearly the same initial frequency support as frequency-performance-oriented optimization while excluding settings that cause sustained oscillations and frequency-limit violations, maintaining the point of common coupling (PCC) frequency within 49.846–50.000 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Energy & Power Source
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DbLabel: Energy & Power Source
An: 197391709
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Dynamic-Feasibility-Aware Coordination of Converter-Based Virtual Inertia in Active Distribution Networks.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Tianze%22">Yu, Tianze</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liao%2C+Huanxin%22">Liao, Huanxin</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mengfanmin@link.cuhk.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Chao%22">Yang, Chao</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Min%2C+Mengfan%22">Min, Mengfan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Junhua%22">Zhao, Junhua</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhaojunhua@cuhk.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Sep2026, Vol. 19 Issue 18, p4342. 26p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gaussian+processes%22">Gaussian processes</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Power+distribution+networks%22">Power distribution networks</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inertia+%28Mechanics%29%22">Inertia (Mechanics)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Synchronization%22">Synchronization</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Converter-interfaced resources in active distribution networks (ADNs) can provide virtual-inertia support, but inertia coordination based on initial frequency-response metrics, such as the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and frequency nadir, may not fully capture dynamic interactions among converters, affecting inertia-setting feasibility. This paper proposes a dynamic-feasibility-aware coordination method for converter-interfaced resources with heterogeneous converter dynamics, considering grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) configurations. Reduced-order dynamic simulation samples are generated to train Gaussian process regression surrogates that learn mappings from inertia settings to initial frequency-support metrics and feasibility indicators, enabling evaluation during optimization. Full-window frequency and voltage security and tail-oscillation behavior are incorporated through feasibility constraints, restricting the search to feasible regions. The nonconvex problem is solved using grid-assisted multi-start sequential least-squares programming. Case studies on a modified United Kingdom Generic Distribution System (UKGDS) EHV1 network show that admissible inertia settings and robustness margins depend strongly on GFM/GFL composition under sensitivity and disturbance tests. In the all-GFM case, the proposed method preserves nearly the same initial frequency support as frequency-performance-oriented optimization while excluding settings that cause sustained oscillations and frequency-limit violations, maintaining the point of common coupling (PCC) frequency within 49.846–50.000 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/en19184342
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 26
        StartPage: 4342
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Gaussian processes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Power distribution networks
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inertia (Mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Synchronization
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Dynamic-Feasibility-Aware Coordination of Converter-Based Virtual Inertia in Active Distribution Networks.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Yu, Tianze
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            NameFull: Liao, Huanxin
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            NameFull: Yang, Chao
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            NameFull: Min, Mengfan
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            NameFull: Zhao, Junhua
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          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961073
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 18
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Energies (19961073)
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