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Do freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurship?

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Authors: Burke, Andrew1 (AUTHOR) andrew.burke@tcd.ie, Zawwar, Imran2 (AUTHOR), Hussels, Stephanie2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Small Business Economics. Aug2020, Vol. 55 Issue 2, p415-427. 13p. 7 Charts, 1 Graph.
Subject Terms: *Independent contractors, *Entrepreneurship, *Freelancers, *Government policy
Company/Entity: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Program)
Abstract: We investigate whether or not the level of entrepreneurial activity in an economy is determined by the availability of freelance independent contractors in the workforce. We develop hypotheses and test them through an analysis of 75 countries from 2002 to 2012 using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database. We find freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurial activity where typically a 10% rise in the freelance workforce causes about a 1% increase in entrepreneurial activity. The significance of this positive effect is robust for both necessity and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial types and across innovation-driven and efficiency-driven economies—but it is stronger in innovation-driven economies and also for necessity entrepreneurship. It implies that having a flexible workforce is a key ingredient to having an entrepreneurial economy. Furthermore, it indicates that orthodox research and public policy perspectives which overlook the importance of freelance independent contractors for entrepreneurship activity require a re-appraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Entrepreneurial Studies Source
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  Availability: 1
Header DbId: ent
DbLabel: Entrepreneurial Studies Source
An: 144744789
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burke%2C+Andrew%22">Burke, Andrew</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> andrew.burke@tcd.ie</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zawwar%2C+Imran%22">Zawwar, Imran</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hussels%2C+Stephanie%22">Hussels, Stephanie</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Small+Business+Economics%22">Small Business Economics</searchLink>. Aug2020, Vol. 55 Issue 2, p415-427. 13p. 7 Charts, 1 Graph.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Independent+contractors%22">Independent contractors</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Entrepreneurship%22">Entrepreneurship</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Freelancers%22">Freelancers</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Government+policy%22">Government policy</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Global+Entrepreneurship+Monitor+%28Program%29%22">Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Program)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: We investigate whether or not the level of entrepreneurial activity in an economy is determined by the availability of freelance independent contractors in the workforce. We develop hypotheses and test them through an analysis of 75 countries from 2002 to 2012 using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database. We find freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurial activity where typically a 10% rise in the freelance workforce causes about a 1% increase in entrepreneurial activity. The significance of this positive effect is robust for both necessity and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial types and across innovation-driven and efficiency-driven economies—but it is stronger in innovation-driven economies and also for necessity entrepreneurship. It implies that having a flexible workforce is a key ingredient to having an entrepreneurial economy. Furthermore, it indicates that orthodox research and public policy perspectives which overlook the importance of freelance independent contractors for entrepreneurship activity require a re-appraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ent&AN=144744789
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11187-019-00242-w
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 415
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Independent contractors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Entrepreneurship
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Freelancers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Government policy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Program)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Do freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurship?
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            NameFull: Burke, Andrew
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            NameFull: Zawwar, Imran
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            NameFull: Hussels, Stephanie
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              M: 08
              Text: Aug2020
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              Y: 2020
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            – TitleFull: Small Business Economics
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