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The evolution of freelance as a new innovation business mode in the modern economy (a literature review).

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Authors: Baitenizov, Daniyar1 (AUTHOR) baitenizov84@mail.ru, Dubina, Igor2 (AUTHOR) igor_dubina@yahoo.com, Rakhmetulina, Zhibek3 (AUTHOR) rahmetulina_zh@mail.ru, Bukhatova, Assem4 (AUTHOR) asem.bukhatova@mail.ru, Suleimenova, Assel5 (AUTHOR) aselsulejmenova2@gmail.com
Source: Journal of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. 10/22/2025, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p1-34. 34p.
Subject Terms: *Intellectual capital, *Gig economy, *Self-employment, *Business models, *Technological innovations, *Telecommuting, Digital technology, Digital nomads
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent global shift toward remote work have significantly accelerated interest in freelancing as a form of self-employment that integrates creativity, intellectual labor, and digital flexibility. This paper presents a systematic literature review of scholarly publications from 2001 to 2024 to examine the evolving relationship between freelancing and intellectual capital, and to explore the transformation of freelance into a new innovation-driven business model within the digital economy. To ensure transparency and reproducibility, the review methodology follows a systematic approach with a PRISMA-style flowchart to illustrate the selection stages of relevant literature. The findings reveal that, despite conceptual similarities, the potential synergy between freelancing and intellectual capital remains underexplored in academic discourse. Furthermore, the study highlights the limitations of traditional educational qualifications in predicting freelance success, emphasizing the growing importance of skills, knowledge, and innovation capabilities. Based on the findings, having identified the theoretical basis of freelance, its evolution, and intellectual capital as the basis for the development of freelancing in the new management and economic contexts, the authors propose the development of a multifunctional online freelance platform as a strategic initiative to support innovation-driven economic development in Kazakhstan. This paper contributes to the fields of innovation management, entrepreneurship, and the gig economy by framing freelancing as a dynamic, knowledge-intensive phenomenon with significant implications for future business models and labor market policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Entrepreneurial Studies Source
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baitenizov%2C+Daniyar%22">Baitenizov, Daniyar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> baitenizov84@mail.ru</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dubina%2C+Igor%22">Dubina, Igor</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> igor_dubina@yahoo.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rakhmetulina%2C+Zhibek%22">Rakhmetulina, Zhibek</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> rahmetulina_zh@mail.ru</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bukhatova%2C+Assem%22">Bukhatova, Assem</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> asem.bukhatova@mail.ru</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Suleimenova%2C+Assel%22">Suleimenova, Assel</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> aselsulejmenova2@gmail.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Innovation+%26+Entrepreneurship%22">Journal of Innovation & Entrepreneurship</searchLink>. 10/22/2025, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p1-34. 34p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intellectual+capital%22">Intellectual capital</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gig+economy%22">Gig economy</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Self-employment%22">Self-employment</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Business+models%22">Business models</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Technological+innovations%22">Technological innovations</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Telecommuting%22">Telecommuting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Digital+technology%22">Digital technology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Digital+nomads%22">Digital nomads</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent global shift toward remote work have significantly accelerated interest in freelancing as a form of self-employment that integrates creativity, intellectual labor, and digital flexibility. This paper presents a systematic literature review of scholarly publications from 2001 to 2024 to examine the evolving relationship between freelancing and intellectual capital, and to explore the transformation of freelance into a new innovation-driven business model within the digital economy. To ensure transparency and reproducibility, the review methodology follows a systematic approach with a PRISMA-style flowchart to illustrate the selection stages of relevant literature. The findings reveal that, despite conceptual similarities, the potential synergy between freelancing and intellectual capital remains underexplored in academic discourse. Furthermore, the study highlights the limitations of traditional educational qualifications in predicting freelance success, emphasizing the growing importance of skills, knowledge, and innovation capabilities. Based on the findings, having identified the theoretical basis of freelance, its evolution, and intellectual capital as the basis for the development of freelancing in the new management and economic contexts, the authors propose the development of a multifunctional online freelance platform as a strategic initiative to support innovation-driven economic development in Kazakhstan. This paper contributes to the fields of innovation management, entrepreneurship, and the gig economy by framing freelancing as a dynamic, knowledge-intensive phenomenon with significant implications for future business models and labor market policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ent&AN=188797715
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1186/s13731-025-00596-4
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 34
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Intellectual capital
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gig economy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Self-employment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Business models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Technological innovations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Telecommuting
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      – SubjectFull: Digital technology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Digital nomads
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: The evolution of freelance as a new innovation business mode in the modern economy (a literature review).
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            NameFull: Baitenizov, Daniyar
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              Text: 10/22/2025
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              Y: 2025
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