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Do labour productivity, capital productivity and education influence the technical efficiency of entrepreneurial outcomes? Evidence from europe.

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Authors: Silva, Pedro Mendonça1,2,3 (AUTHOR) psilva@iscap.ipp.pt, Moutinho, Victor Ferreira4,5,6,7 (AUTHOR) ferreira.moutinho@ubi.pt, Gaspar, Pedro Miguel8 (AUTHOR) pedrogaspar@utad.pt
Source: Journal of International Entrepreneurship. Jun2025, Vol. 23 Issue 2, p373-414. 42p.
Subject Terms: *Labor productivity, *Capital productivity, *Entrepreneurship, *Economic efficiency, Learning, Data envelopment analysis, Countries, Stochastic frontier analysis
Geographic Terms: Europe, Lithuania (Grand Duchy), Estonia, Netherlands
Abstract (English): The differences in Labour and Capital Productivity and Education in Europe were used to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of technical efficiency of entrepreneurship activities and new firm creation. For this purpose, two distinct methodologies were used: a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and a parametric Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Firstly, to obtain the ranking for assessing entrepreneurship efficiency, two outputs (birth rate and total early-stage entrepreneurial activity) were combined, and four inputs (long-term unemployment rate, household disposable income ratio S80/S20; young people neither in employment nor in education or training and employment rate of recent graduates) were applied. In the second step, two estimators were used to examine the effect of capital productivity, labour productivity, non-qualified labour, and population share of education on the technical efficiency score of entrepreneurial outcomes. The estimators were the Tobit regression, including random effects and mixed effects models, and the quantile regression model. The results for technical efficiency in the first step reveal that during 2008–2014 and after this period, 2015–2019, the European countries of Lithuania, Estonia and the Netherlands present the highest efficiency scores according to the DEA-CRS model. Applying the SFA technique, Belgium, Germany, and Malta show the highest levels of inefficiency during both periods of financial crisis. The second stage results demonstrate that there was a negative and significant effect of capital productivity on the efficiency scores of entrepreneurial outcomes in the periods of financial crises. This statistical evidence mirrors the observed decrease in average EU investments in fixed capital, structural changes in the labour market, and structural changes in education level in the active and inactive population, particularly in countries with economic growth, during the sub-periods between 2008 and 2019 under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (French): Resumen: Las diferencias en la Productividad del Trabajo y del Capital y la Educación en Europa se utilizaron para proporcionar una evaluación integral del rendimiento de la eficiencia técnica de las actividades emprendedoras y la creación de nuevas empresas. Para este propósito, se emplearon dos metodologías distintas: un Análisis Envolvente de Datos no paramétrico (DEA) y un Análisis de Frontera Estocástica (SFA) paramétrico. En primer lugar, para obtener la clasificación para evaluar la eficiencia emprendedora, se combinaron dos resultados (tasa de natalidad y Actividad Emprendedora en Etapas Tempranas) y se aplicaron cuatro insumos (tasa de desempleo de larga duración, proporción de ingresos disponibles de los hogares S80/S20; jóvenes que no trabajan ni estudian ni reciben formación y tasa de empleo de los graduados recientes). En el segundo paso, se utilizaron dos estimadores para examinar el efecto de la productividad del capital, la productividad del trabajo, la mano de obra no cualificada y la proporción de población con educación en la puntuación de eficiencia técnica de los resultados emprendedores. Los estimadores fueron la regresión Tobit, incluyendo modelos de efectos aleatorios y de efectos mixtos, y el modelo de regresión cuantílica. Los resultados para la eficiencia técnica en el primer paso revelan que durante 2008-2014 y después de este período, 2015-2019, los países europeos de Lituania, Estonia y los Países Bajos presentan las mayores puntuaciones de eficiencia según el modelo DEA-CRS. Aplicando la técnica SFA, Bélgica, Alemania y Malta muestran los mayores niveles de ineficiencia durante ambos períodos de crisis financiera. Los resultados de la segunda etapa demuestran que hubo un efecto negativo y significativo de la productividad del capital en las puntuaciones de eficiencia de los resultados emprendedores en los períodos de crisis financiera. Esta evidencia estadística refleja la disminución observada en las inversiones medias de la UE en capital fijo, los cambios estructurales en el mercado laboral y los cambios estructurales en el nivel educativo de la población activa e inactiva, particularmente en los países con crecimiento económico, durante los subperíodos entre 2008-2019 bajo consideración. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Database: Entrepreneurial Studies Source
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Header DbId: ent
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Silva%2C+Pedro+Mendonça%22">Silva, Pedro Mendonça</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> psilva@iscap.ipp.pt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Moutinho%2C+Victor+Ferreira%22">Moutinho, Victor Ferreira</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5,6,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ferreira.moutinho@ubi.pt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gaspar%2C+Pedro+Miguel%22">Gaspar, Pedro Miguel</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> pedrogaspar@utad.pt</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+International+Entrepreneurship%22">Journal of International Entrepreneurship</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 23 Issue 2, p373-414. 42p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Labor+productivity%22">Labor productivity</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Capital+productivity%22">Capital productivity</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Entrepreneurship%22">Entrepreneurship</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Economic+efficiency%22">Economic efficiency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Learning%22">Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+envelopment+analysis%22">Data envelopment analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Countries%22">Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stochastic+frontier+analysis%22">Stochastic frontier analysis</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Europe%22">Europe</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lithuania+%28Grand+Duchy%29%22">Lithuania (Grand Duchy)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Estonia%22">Estonia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Netherlands%22">Netherlands</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (English)
  Group: Ab
  Data: The differences in Labour and Capital Productivity and Education in Europe were used to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of technical efficiency of entrepreneurship activities and new firm creation. For this purpose, two distinct methodologies were used: a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and a parametric Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Firstly, to obtain the ranking for assessing entrepreneurship efficiency, two outputs (birth rate and total early-stage entrepreneurial activity) were combined, and four inputs (long-term unemployment rate, household disposable income ratio S80/S20; young people neither in employment nor in education or training and employment rate of recent graduates) were applied. In the second step, two estimators were used to examine the effect of capital productivity, labour productivity, non-qualified labour, and population share of education on the technical efficiency score of entrepreneurial outcomes. The estimators were the Tobit regression, including random effects and mixed effects models, and the quantile regression model. The results for technical efficiency in the first step reveal that during 2008–2014 and after this period, 2015–2019, the European countries of Lithuania, Estonia and the Netherlands present the highest efficiency scores according to the DEA-CRS model. Applying the SFA technique, Belgium, Germany, and Malta show the highest levels of inefficiency during both periods of financial crisis. The second stage results demonstrate that there was a negative and significant effect of capital productivity on the efficiency scores of entrepreneurial outcomes in the periods of financial crises. This statistical evidence mirrors the observed decrease in average EU investments in fixed capital, structural changes in the labour market, and structural changes in education level in the active and inactive population, particularly in countries with economic growth, during the sub-periods between 2008 and 2019 under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (French)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Resumen: Las diferencias en la Productividad del Trabajo y del Capital y la Educación en Europa se utilizaron para proporcionar una evaluación integral del rendimiento de la eficiencia técnica de las actividades emprendedoras y la creación de nuevas empresas. Para este propósito, se emplearon dos metodologías distintas: un Análisis Envolvente de Datos no paramétrico (DEA) y un Análisis de Frontera Estocástica (SFA) paramétrico. En primer lugar, para obtener la clasificación para evaluar la eficiencia emprendedora, se combinaron dos resultados (tasa de natalidad y Actividad Emprendedora en Etapas Tempranas) y se aplicaron cuatro insumos (tasa de desempleo de larga duración, proporción de ingresos disponibles de los hogares S80/S20; jóvenes que no trabajan ni estudian ni reciben formación y tasa de empleo de los graduados recientes). En el segundo paso, se utilizaron dos estimadores para examinar el efecto de la productividad del capital, la productividad del trabajo, la mano de obra no cualificada y la proporción de población con educación en la puntuación de eficiencia técnica de los resultados emprendedores. Los estimadores fueron la regresión Tobit, incluyendo modelos de efectos aleatorios y de efectos mixtos, y el modelo de regresión cuantílica. Los resultados para la eficiencia técnica en el primer paso revelan que durante 2008-2014 y después de este período, 2015-2019, los países europeos de Lituania, Estonia y los Países Bajos presentan las mayores puntuaciones de eficiencia según el modelo DEA-CRS. Aplicando la técnica SFA, Bélgica, Alemania y Malta muestran los mayores niveles de ineficiencia durante ambos períodos de crisis financiera. Los resultados de la segunda etapa demuestran que hubo un efecto negativo y significativo de la productividad del capital en las puntuaciones de eficiencia de los resultados emprendedores en los períodos de crisis financiera. Esta evidencia estadística refleja la disminución observada en las inversiones medias de la UE en capital fijo, los cambios estructurales en el mercado laboral y los cambios estructurales en el nivel educativo de la población activa e inactiva, particularmente en los países con crecimiento económico, durante los subperíodos entre 2008-2019 bajo consideración. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10843-024-00366-5
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 42
        StartPage: 373
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Labor productivity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Capital productivity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Entrepreneurship
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Economic efficiency
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data envelopment analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stochastic frontier analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Europe
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lithuania (Grand Duchy)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Estonia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Netherlands
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Do labour productivity, capital productivity and education influence the technical efficiency of entrepreneurial outcomes? Evidence from europe.
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            NameFull: Silva, Pedro Mendonça
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            NameFull: Moutinho, Victor Ferreira
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2025
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              Y: 2025
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