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The Price of a Token.

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Bibliographic Details
Title: The Price of a Token.
Language: English
Authors: Yoder, Janice D.
Peer Reviewed: N
Page Count: 19
Publication Date: 1980
Document Type: Reports - Research
Speeches/Meeting Papers
Descriptors: Affirmative Action, Attitude Change, Competition, Equal Education, Females, Higher Education, Interpersonal Relationship, Military Schools, Role Perception, Sex Fairness, Sex Stereotypes, Tokenism
Abstract: As women enter nontraditional occupations and training programs, tokenism may develop and its side-effects of visibility, contrast, and assimilation may appear. Each of these effects was encountered by the first class of women cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1976, who received great visibility from the news media. This visibility led to fears and resentment in dominant male cadets and placed performance pressures on the token women. Cadets' concerns about dating best reflected the effects of contrast; the social interaction of men and women created uncertainties for the men and isolation for the women. The stereotype of women's physical subordination encouraged men to simultaneously protect women, yet fear preferential treatment and a lowering of Academy standards. The protection of female cadets most clearly demonstrated the assimilation of individual cadets into the stereotypical helpless role of women. An investigation of the men and women who entered West Point from 1976 to 1980 showed that increased numbers of women, institutional supports, changes in the dominant group, and cohesivess among tokens reduced the problems initially experienced by the token women. (Author/NRB)
Entry Date: 1980
Accession Number: ED201930
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED201930
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    Text: Full Text from ERIC
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AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Report
PubTypeId: report
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IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: The Price of a Token.
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yoder%2C+Janice+D%2E%22">Yoder, Janice D.</searchLink>
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: N
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 19
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 1980
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Reports - Research<br />Speeches/Meeting Papers
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Affirmative+Action%22">Affirmative Action</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attitude+Change%22">Attitude Change</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Competition%22">Competition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Equal+Education%22">Equal Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Females%22">Females</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+Relationship%22">Interpersonal Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Military+Schools%22">Military Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Role+Perception%22">Role Perception</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+Fairness%22">Sex Fairness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+Stereotypes%22">Sex Stereotypes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tokenism%22">Tokenism</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: As women enter nontraditional occupations and training programs, tokenism may develop and its side-effects of visibility, contrast, and assimilation may appear. Each of these effects was encountered by the first class of women cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1976, who received great visibility from the news media. This visibility led to fears and resentment in dominant male cadets and placed performance pressures on the token women. Cadets' concerns about dating best reflected the effects of contrast; the social interaction of men and women created uncertainties for the men and isolation for the women. The stereotype of women's physical subordination encouraged men to simultaneously protect women, yet fear preferential treatment and a lowering of Academy standards. The protection of female cadets most clearly demonstrated the assimilation of individual cadets into the stereotypical helpless role of women. An investigation of the men and women who entered West Point from 1976 to 1980 showed that increased numbers of women, institutional supports, changes in the dominant group, and cohesivess among tokens reduced the problems initially experienced by the token women. (Author/NRB)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
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  Data: 1980
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  Data: ED201930
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Affirmative Action
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Attitude Change
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Competition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Equal Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Females
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Higher Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interpersonal Relationship
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Military Schools
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Role Perception
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sex Fairness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sex Stereotypes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tokenism
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Price of a Token.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yoder, Janice D.
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      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Type: published
              Y: 1980
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