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Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Total Communication. ERIC Digest #559.

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Title: Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Total Communication. ERIC Digest #559.
Language: English
Authors: Hawkins, Larry, Brawner, Judy, ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, Reston, VA.
Availability: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, Council for Exceptional Children, 1920 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191-1589; toll-free telephone: 800-328-0272.
Peer Reviewed: N
Page Count: 4
Publication Date: 1997
Sponsoring Agency: Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington, DC.
Intended Audience: Parents; Practitioners; Teachers
Document Type: ERIC Publications
ERIC Digests in Full Text
Opinion Papers
Descriptors: Communication Skills, Communication (Thought Transfer), Deafness, Decision Making, Elementary Secondary Education, Interpersonal Communication, Manual Communication, Partial Hearing, Speech Communication, Total Communication
Abstract: This digest uses a question-and-answer format to address issues that parents should consider when thinking about the total communication (TC) approach for a child who is deaf or hard of hearing. Total communication is explained as the use of any/all modes of communication (manual, oral, auditory, and written) depending on the needs of the child. Use of TC by hearing parents and teachers usually involves combining speaking and signing. Benefits of the TC approach are noted, such as its ability to open all avenues and modes of communication for the deaf child and its demonstrated effectiveness in fostering the child's psychosocial, linguistic, and academic development. Limitations of TC include poor results when inadequately implemented, problems arising from the inherent differences between spoken and visual communication, and difficulties in individualization. Parents are provided with a list of questions to ask before choosing the total communication option. (Contains 10 references.) (DB)
Entry Date: 1998
Accession Number: ED414677
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED414677
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  Data: Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Total Communication. ERIC Digest #559.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hawkins%2C+Larry%22">Hawkins, Larry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brawner%2C+Judy%22">Brawner, Judy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22ERIC+Clearinghouse+on+Disabilities+and+Gifted+Education%2C+Reston%2C+VA%2E%22">ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, Reston, VA.</searchLink>
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
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  Data: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, Council for Exceptional Children, 1920 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191-1589; toll-free telephone: 800-328-0272.
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  Label: Peer Reviewed
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  Data: N
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  Data: 4
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
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  Data: 1997
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  Label: Sponsoring Agency
  Group: SrcSuprt
  Data: Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington, DC.
– Name: Audience
  Label: Intended Audience
  Group: Audnce
  Data: Parents; Practitioners; Teachers
– Name: TypeDocument
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  Data: ERIC Publications<br />ERIC Digests in Full Text<br />Opinion Papers
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Communication+Skills%22">Communication Skills</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Communication+%28Thought+Transfer%29%22">Communication (Thought Transfer)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deafness%22">Deafness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Decision+Making%22">Decision Making</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+Secondary+Education%22">Elementary Secondary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+Communication%22">Interpersonal Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Manual+Communication%22">Manual Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Partial+Hearing%22">Partial Hearing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech+Communication%22">Speech Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Total+Communication%22">Total Communication</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This digest uses a question-and-answer format to address issues that parents should consider when thinking about the total communication (TC) approach for a child who is deaf or hard of hearing. Total communication is explained as the use of any/all modes of communication (manual, oral, auditory, and written) depending on the needs of the child. Use of TC by hearing parents and teachers usually involves combining speaking and signing. Benefits of the TC approach are noted, such as its ability to open all avenues and modes of communication for the deaf child and its demonstrated effectiveness in fostering the child's psychosocial, linguistic, and academic development. Limitations of TC include poor results when inadequately implemented, problems arising from the inherent differences between spoken and visual communication, and difficulties in individualization. Parents are provided with a list of questions to ask before choosing the total communication option. (Contains 10 references.) (DB)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 1998
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: ED414677
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      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 4
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Communication Skills
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Communication (Thought Transfer)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deafness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Decision Making
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary Secondary Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interpersonal Communication
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Manual Communication
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Partial Hearing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Speech Communication
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Total Communication
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Total Communication. ERIC Digest #559.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education, Reston, VA.
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Hawkins, Larry
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            NameFull: Brawner, Judy
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Type: published
              Y: 1997
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