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Comparability of Scores on Word-Processed and Handwritten Essays on the Graduate Management Admissions Test.

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Bibliographic Details
Title: Comparability of Scores on Word-Processed and Handwritten Essays on the Graduate Management Admissions Test.
Language: English
Authors: Bridgeman, Brent, Cooper, Peter
Peer Reviewed: N
Page Count: 9
Publication Date: 1998
Document Type: Reports - Research
Speeches/Meeting Papers
Descriptors: College Entrance Examinations, College Students, Comparative Analysis, Essay Tests, Graduate Students, Handwriting, Higher Education, Interrater Reliability, Scores, Testing Problems, Word Processing, Writing (Composition), Writing Evaluation, Writing Skills
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Graduate Management Admission Test
Abstract: Essays for the Graduate Management Admissions Test must be written with a word processor (except in some foreign countries). The test sponsors, the Graduate Management Admissions Council, believed that this is fair because some word processing skill is a prerequisite for advanced management education. Furthermore, it might also be unfair to require students who routinely use word processors to shift to paper and pencil just for a testing situation. The current study addressed the comparability of scores from handwritten and word-processed essays using a sample of 3,470 examinees who had written essays in both formats. Both the computer and paper-and-pencil versions contained two 30-minute essays questions, one asking for an analysis of an issue and the other analyzing the reasoning of a presented argument. Results indicate that scores were higher on the handwritten essays than on the word-processed essays, and that this difference did not interact with gender, ethnic, or English-as-a-Second-Language group classifications. Differences between scores for handwritten and word-processed essays were smallest for the most experienced computer users, but even examinees who reported using a word processor more than two times a week had higher scores on their handwritten essays than on their word-processed essays. Other findings indicated that reader reliability was higher for the word-processed essays, and that in either format there were substantial practice effects, with the scores on the second essay about 0.4 standard deviation units higher than scores on the first essay. (Author/SLD)
Entry Date: 1998
Accession Number: ED421528
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED421528
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  Data: Comparability of Scores on Word-Processed and Handwritten Essays on the Graduate Management Admissions Test.
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  Data: N
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  Label: Page Count
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  Data: 9
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 1998
– Name: TypeDocument
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  Data: Reports - Research<br />Speeches/Meeting Papers
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  Label: Descriptors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Entrance+Examinations%22">College Entrance Examinations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Students%22">College Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comparative+Analysis%22">Comparative Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Essay+Tests%22">Essay Tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graduate+Students%22">Graduate Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Handwriting%22">Handwriting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interrater+Reliability%22">Interrater Reliability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scores%22">Scores</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Testing+Problems%22">Testing Problems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Word+Processing%22">Word Processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Writing+%28Composition%29%22">Writing (Composition)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Writing+Evaluation%22">Writing Evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Writing+Skills%22">Writing Skills</searchLink>
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Essays for the Graduate Management Admissions Test must be written with a word processor (except in some foreign countries). The test sponsors, the Graduate Management Admissions Council, believed that this is fair because some word processing skill is a prerequisite for advanced management education. Furthermore, it might also be unfair to require students who routinely use word processors to shift to paper and pencil just for a testing situation. The current study addressed the comparability of scores from handwritten and word-processed essays using a sample of 3,470 examinees who had written essays in both formats. Both the computer and paper-and-pencil versions contained two 30-minute essays questions, one asking for an analysis of an issue and the other analyzing the reasoning of a presented argument. Results indicate that scores were higher on the handwritten essays than on the word-processed essays, and that this difference did not interact with gender, ethnic, or English-as-a-Second-Language group classifications. Differences between scores for handwritten and word-processed essays were smallest for the most experienced computer users, but even examinees who reported using a word processor more than two times a week had higher scores on their handwritten essays than on their word-processed essays. Other findings indicated that reader reliability was higher for the word-processed essays, and that in either format there were substantial practice effects, with the scores on the second essay about 0.4 standard deviation units higher than scores on the first essay. (Author/SLD)
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  Data: 1998
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: College Entrance Examinations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative Analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Essay Tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graduate Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Handwriting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Higher Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interrater Reliability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scores
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Testing Problems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Word Processing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Writing (Composition)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Writing Evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Writing Skills
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graduate Management Admission Test
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Comparability of Scores on Word-Processed and Handwritten Essays on the Graduate Management Admissions Test.
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            NameFull: Bridgeman, Brent
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            NameFull: Cooper, Peter
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              M: 04
              Type: published
              Y: 1998
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